Audit and Assurance ServicesArensChapter 09Word格式文档下载.docx

1、 Review Questions9-1 The planning phases are: accept client and perform initial planning, understand the clients business and industry, assess client business risk, perform preliminary analytical procedures, set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk, understand internal cont

2、rol and assess control risk, gather information to assess fraud risk, and develop overall audit plan and audit program. Evaluation of materiality is part of phase five. Risk assessment is part of phase three （client business risk）, phase five （acceptable audit risk and inherent risk）, phase six （con

3、trol risk）, and phase seven （fraud risk）.9-2 Materiality is defined as: the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in light of the surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been change

4、d or influenced by the omission or misstatement. Obtain reasonable assurance, as used in the audit report, means that the auditor does not guarantee or insure the fair presentation of the financial statements. There is some risk that the financial statements contain a material misstatement.9-3 Mater

5、iality is important because if financial statements are materially misstated, users decisions may be affected, and thereby cause financial loss to them. It is difficult to apply because there are often many different users of the financial statements. The auditor must therefore make an assessment of

6、 the likely users and the decisions they will make. Materiality is also difficult to apply because it is a relative concept. The professional auditing standards offer little specific guidance regarding the application of materiality. The auditor must, therefore, exercise considerable professional ju

7、dgment in the application of materiality.9-4 The preliminary judgment about materiality is the maximum amount by which the auditor believes the financial statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users. Several factors affect the preliminary judgment about materi

8、ality and are as follows: 1. Materiality is a relative rather than an absolute concept. 2. Bases are needed for evaluating materiality. 3. Qualitative factors affect materiality decisions. 4. Expected distribution of the financial statements will affect the preliminary judgment of materiality. If th

9、e financial statements are widely distributed to users, the preliminary judgment of materiality will probably be set lower than if the financial statements are not expected to be widely distributed. 5. The level of acceptable audit risk will also affect the preliminary judgment of materiality.9-5 Be

10、cause materiality is relative rather than absolute, it is necessary to have bases for establishing whether misstatements are material. For example, in the audit of a manufacturing company, the auditor might use as bases: net income before taxes, total assets, current assets, and working capital. For

11、 a governmental unit, such as a school district, there is no net income before taxes, and therefore that would be an unavailable base. Instead, the primary bases would likely be fund balances, total assets, and perhaps total revenue.9-6 The following qualitative factors are likely to be considered i

12、n evaluating materiality: a. Amounts involving fraud are usually considered more important than unintentional errors of equal dollar amounts. b. Misstatements that are otherwise minor may be material if there are possible consequences arising from contractual obligations. c. Misstatements that are o

13、therwise immaterial may be material if they affect a trend in earnings.9-7 A preliminary judgment about materiality is set for the financial statements as a whole. Tolerable misstatement is the maximum amount of misstatement that would be considered material for an individual account balance. The am

14、ount of tolerable misstatement for any given account is dependent upon the preliminary judgment about materiality. Ordinarily, tolerable misstatement for any given account would have to be lower than the preliminary judgment about materiality. In many cases, it will be considerably lower because of

15、the possibility of misstatements in different accounts that, in total, cannot exceed the preliminary judgment about materiality.9-8 There are several possible answers to the question. One example is: Cash $500 Overstatement Fixed assets $3,000 Overstatement Long-term loans $1,500 UnderstatementNote:

16、 Cash and fixed assets are tested for overstatement and long-term loans for understatement because the auditors objective in this case is to test for overstatements of owners equity. The least amount of tolerable misstatement was allocated to cash and long-term loans because they are relatively easy to audit. The majority of the total allocation was to fixed as