独立主格与悬垂分词文档格式.doc

1、4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如（from ）：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 二、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1. 作时间状语School over,

2、 the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。2. 作条件状语It being fine tomorrow, well go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。3. 作原因状语The meeting being put off, we neednt hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr. Li b

3、eing ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4. 作伴随状语Mr. Li comes here,a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done （=After the work ha

4、d been done）, we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting （=If weather permits）, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow （=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow）, the professor has to stay up late

5、 into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head （=and his hands were crossed under his head）.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold （=and his face was red with cold）. 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts,

6、 each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。独力主格结构（the absolute structure）的定义 由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是

7、，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词的独立结构，即独立主格结构（或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构，也有人把它视作固定表达）。 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式，对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 1、主要特征（1） 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构，分词与主语间是主谓关系，基本形式为：主语 现在分词或过去分词his

8、 heart bleedingthe baby cryingthe project completed The school being over, the street was full of the students.= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. （2）切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构，比较：my mind wandering （独立主格）；My mind was wandering （主谓结构） （3）独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致（With） His mouth filled with wa

9、ter, he couldnt utter a word. （独立主格）对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:Filling his mouth with water, he couldnt utter a word. 2. 在句子中的作用独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件，原因、伴随状态等The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. （时间）Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. （条件）Time pressing, they had to

10、work overtime. （原因）The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. （伴随） 例题：（1） -modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.（A） If（B） But（C） With（D）Once 答案：C 解释：句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不

11、定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义一般在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即

12、为悬垂结构（Dangling Element）。Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view. 悬垂结构 的理解 分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语（亦称隐含主语）通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语（如在独立主格结构中），就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”（dangling participle）或“无依附分词 ”（unattached participle）。例如： （1）Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained （2）Driv

13、ing to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me 由 悬垂结构 造成的错误 （1）悬垂分词 误： Being Sunday, they went for a picnic. 正： It being Sunday, they went for a picnic. As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic. （2）悬垂不定式 To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary. To swim properly, one needs a cou

14、rse of instruction. （3）悬垂简式从句 When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him. When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him. 可接受的悬垂分词： Having been deserted by his guide, there seemed little hope that the explorer would find his way through the jungle . Leaving the cinema, it s