1、2.确定是何种毒物引起中毒;3.确定进入体内毒物的量,并判断是否足以引起中毒或死亡;4.分析毒物进入机体的途径和形式;5.推断中毒或中毒死亡方式,是否自杀、他杀、意外灾害。为完成上述问题,鉴定人员必须进行:1.案情调查;2.现场勘查;3.中毒存活者检查和死亡者尸体的检验;4.毒物分析检材的收集、保存、送检及分析结果的评价。毒物与中毒 一、定义 毒物(poison)是指在日常接触条件下,以较小剂量进入机体后,能与生物体之间发生化学或物理化学作用,导致机体组织细胞代谢、功能和(或)形态结构损害的化学物质。一般把生物(动植物、细菌、真菌)体内形成的、可损害其他生物体的物质称为生物毒素(toxin),
2、以区别人工合成的毒物。毒物与非毒物之间并无绝对的界限。世上没有无毒的物质,只有无毒的使用方法。中毒(poisoning,intoxication)机体由于毒物的作用,器官、组织、细胞代谢、功能和(或)形态结构遭受损害而出现的疾病状态称为中毒。因中毒而导致的死亡称中毒死(death from poisoning)。二、毒物的分类 混合分类法 主要按毒物的毒作用方式、来源、和用途进行分类。1. 腐蚀性毒物 以局部腐蚀作用为主要毒作用的毒物如:强酸、强碱、酚类、硝酸银、铜盐。2. 金属毒物 又称实质性毒物,以损害器官组织的实质细胞为主,并产生不同程度形态学变化的金属毒物。如砷、汞、铅、钡、其他重金属
3、盐类。3. 脑脊髓功能障碍性毒物 指进入机体发挥作用后,改变脑脊髓功能而出现中毒症状的毒物,如巴比妥类、吩噻嗪类 4. 呼吸功能障碍性毒物 5. 农药 6. 杀鼠剂 7. 有毒动物 8. 有毒植物 9. 细菌和真菌毒素 按毒物的化学性质分类 1. 挥发性毒物 2. 非挥发性毒物 3. 金属毒物 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building wea
4、k design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok publi
5、c security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application
6、system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems a
7、nd voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operat
8、ors providing communications . If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 4. 阴离子毒物 5. 其他毒物 按毒物的毒理作用分类 1. 腐蚀性毒物 2. 实质性毒物 3. 酶系统毒物 4. 血液毒物 5. 神经毒物 按毒物的应用范围 1. 工业性毒物 2. 农业性毒物 3. 环境污染物 4. 食用化学物和食品毒素 5. 日用品和嗜好品 6. 药物和医疗用品 7. 生物毒素 8
9、. 军事毒物 9. 放射性元素 中毒的原因和类型 在法医工作时间中,常根据中毒的原因或方式将中毒分为以下几种:1.自杀中毒;2.他杀中毒;3.意外中毒;4.药物滥用;5.环境与食品污染;5.医源性药物中毒。急性、亚急性、慢性中毒 根据毒物进入机体后毒物作用的快慢分为:1. 急性中毒(acute poisoning)一般指24h内,生物机体一次或多次摄入或接触毒物导致的中毒。2. 慢性中毒(chronic poisoning)通常指少量多次接触或摄入毒物在3个月以上而导致的中毒 3. 亚急性中毒(subacute poisoning)介于急性与慢性中毒之间的中毒。凡能使机体发生中毒症状的毒物的最
10、小剂量或最低浓度,称为该毒物的中毒量(toxic dose)或中毒浓度(toxic concentretion)。凡能致机体中毒死亡的毒物最小剂量或最低浓度称为该毒物的致死量(lethal dose)或致死浓度(lethal concentration)。随着新型、低毒的毒物不断出现,其人体中毒或死亡的案例较少,其中毒量或致死量的资料缺乏。人们往往通过动物实验来获取资料,常见的参数有:半数致死量(LD50):指能引起一组受试动物半数中毒死亡的剂量。常用来表示急性毒性的大小,LD50越小,表示毒物的毒性越强。半数致死浓度(LC50)是指能引起一组受试动物在经呼吸道接触毒物一定3时间后,死亡一半动
11、物所需的浓度(mg/m)。绝对致死量(LD50),指能引起一组受试动物全部中毒死亡的最低剂量。由于同一群体中,不同个体对毒物的耐受性有差异,因此一般不用LD100来进行毒物毒性高低和不同毒物的毒性比较。最小致死量(minimum lethal dose,MLD)指能引起一组受试动物个别中毒死亡的最小剂量。最大耐受量(maximal tolerance dose,MTD)指一组受试动物中,不引起动物死亡的最大剂量。决定是否中毒或中毒死亡最有价值的是进入体内,或更准确的说是吸收入血中的毒物量。引起中毒反应的血中最低浓度称为该毒物的中毒血浓度(toxic blood level)。引起中毒for c
12、omputer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system i
13、ntegrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out
14、 entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligen
15、t integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice servi
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