中级宏观经济学macro-ch3Word格式文档下载.docx

1、长期中的经济济济济Part Classical Theory:The Economy in the Long Runmacro macroeconomics sixth editionN.Gregory MankiwCHAPTER THREENational Income:Where it Comes From and Where it Goes国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 3221025In this chapter you will learn:In thi

2、s chapter you will learn:what determines the economys total output/income是什么决定了经济的总产出/收入how the prices of the factors of production are determined 产出要素的价格是如何决定的how total income is distributed 总收入如何分配what determines the demand for goods and services什么因素决定产品与服务需求how equilibrium in the goods market is

3、achieved 如何实现产品与服务市场的均衡CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 4221025Figure 3.1 The Circular Flow of Dollars Through the Economy货币在经济中的循环流程产品与服务市场消费企业收益家庭企业政府政府购买投资税收公众储蓄金融市场私人储蓄收入生产要素市场生产要素支付CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 5221025Outline of modelOutline of m

4、odelA closed economy,market-clearing model 封闭经济，市场出清Supply side 供应方factor markets（supply,demand,price）生产要素市场（供给、需求、价格）determination of output/income 产出/收入的决定Demand side 需求方determinants of C,I,and G C，I，G 的决定Equilibrium 均衡goods market 产品与服务市场loanable funds market 可贷资金市场CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Inc

5、ome National Incomeslide 6221025Factors of productionFactors of productionK =capital,K=资本tools,machines,and structures used in production 用于生产的工具、机器、厂房等L =labor,L=劳动力 the physical and mental efforts of workers 工人的体力和脑力劳动CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 7221025The production fu

6、nctionThe production functiondenoted Y=F（K,L）shows how much output（Y）the economy can produce fromK units of capital and L units of labor.产出 Y 是资本 K 和劳动 L 的函数 reflects the economys level of technology.反映经济的技术水平exhibits constant returns to scale.具有规模报酬不变的特征CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National I

7、ncomeslide 8221025Returns to scale:a reviewReturns to scale:a reviewInitially Y1 =F（K1,L1）Scale all inputs by the same factor z:K2 =zK1 and L2 =zL1 （If z=1.25,then all inputs are increased by 25%）What happens to output,Y2=F（K2,L2）?If constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变,Y2=zY1 If increasing returns to s

8、cale 规模报酬递增,Y2 zY1 If decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减,Y2 G,budget surplus=（T G）=public saving 公共储蓄 0When T G,budget deficit=（G T）and public saving is negative 公共储蓄 0big tax cuts:T 0According to our model,both policies reduce national saving:（）SYC YTGGSTCSCHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income Nationa

9、l Incomeslide 632210251.The Reagan deficits1.The Reagan deficits,cont.,cont.rS,I1SI（r）r1I1r22.which causes the real interest rate to rise引起实际利率上升I23.which reduces the level of investment.减少投资水平1.The increase in the deficit reduces saving赤字增加储蓄减少2SCHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomesli

10、de 64221025Are the data consistent with these results?Are the data consistent with these results?variable1970s1980sT G2.23.9S19.617.4r1.16.3I19.919.4variable1970s1980sT G2.23.9S19.617.4r1.16.3I19.919.4TG,S,and I are expressed as a percent of GDPAll figures are averages over the decade shown.CHAPTER

11、3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 65221025Now you tryNow you tryDraw the diagram for the loanable funds model.Suppose the tax laws are altered to provide more incentives for private saving.假设税法鼓励私人储蓄 What happens to the interest rate and investment?利率和投资发生什么变化（Assume that T doesnt chan

12、ge）CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 66221025Mastering the loanable funds modelMastering the loanable funds model2.Things that shift the investment curve 影响投资曲线的因素certain technological innovations 技术创新to take advantage of the innovation,firms must buy new investment goods 企业增加投

13、资tax laws that affect investment 税收政策影响投资investment tax credit 投资税赋优惠CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 67221025An increase in investment demandAn increase in investment demandAn increase in desired investmentrS,II1SI2r1r2raises the interest rate.But the equilibrium level of inv

14、estment cannot increase because thesupply of loanable funds is fixed.但是均衡的投资水平没有增加，因为可贷资金供给不变CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 68221025Saving and the interest rateSaving and the interest rate 储蓄与利率储蓄与利率储蓄与利率储蓄与利率Why might saving depend on r?为什么储蓄取决于利率How would the results of an

15、 increase in investment demand be different?Would r rise as much?Would the equilibrium value of I change?CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 69221025An increase in investment demand when saving An increase in investment demand when saving depends on the interest ratedepends on th

16、e interest rate当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况Real interest rate,r2.raises the interest rate.Investm ent,Saving,I,SS（r）AB1.An increase in desired investm ent.3.and raises equilibrium investm entand saving.I2I1CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Incomeslide 70221025Chapter summaryChapter summary1.Total output is determined by 总产出取决于how much capital and lab