英语词汇学复习大纲整理推荐文档.docx

1、英语词汇学复习大纲整理推荐文档1 Basic Concepts 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word （The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language th

2、at has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and fo

3、rm ： 1.4 vocabulary1.5 classification of words词汇分类2 DevelopmentIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European 印欧语 2.2 H

4、istorical review 历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development3 Word Formation3.1 Morphemes 词素 Definition: These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.词素是“构词中最小功

5、能单位”。3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。 morpheme3.3 Types of Morphemes3.4 Root

6、and StemThe affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素4 Word-formationWord formation 构词的方式4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclasses（子类）:Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This

7、process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。4.1.1 Prefixation 前缀法 （we shall classify prefixes on a sem

8、antic basis into nine groups 我们可以在语义基础上将前缀分为九类）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。 4.1.2 Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formati

9、on of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。不像主要改变词

10、干意义的前缀，后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。4.2 Compounding 复合法 Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compoundis a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both

11、grammatically and semantically as a single word. 复合法，同样也被称作合成法,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，同时具有一个词的语法功能和意义功能的词汇单位”。4.2.1 Characteristics of Compounds 复合词的特征Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:复合词和自由词组不同于三个方面4.4.2 Formation of Compounds复合词的

12、形成 4.3 Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process w

13、hereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. 转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。这些词在语法意义上是新词。既然这些词在形态结 构上不便，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接转化为一个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。4.4 blending 拼缀法，混合词blends fall into four ma

14、jor groups:Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或行囊词。4.5 Clipping截短法，删减法 four common types of clipping:Anot

15、her common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. 另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。4.6 Acronym 首字母缩词法4.7 Back-formation 逆构法Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It is a method of forming new words by cutting imagined affixes. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆构法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。由逆构法生成的词多半是动词。(Formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes. 通过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式 Style