人脸识别文献翻译中英双文复习课程文档格式.docx

1、人脸识别文献翻译中英双文复习课程#4 Two-dimensional Face Recognition#4.1 Feature Localization#Before discussing the methods of comparing two facial images we now take a brief look at some at the preliminary processes of facial feature alignment. This process typically consists of two stages:# face detection and eye

2、localization. Depending on the application, if the position of the face within the image is known beforehand （for a cooperative subject in a door access system for example） then the face detection stage can often be skipped, as the region of interest is already known. Therefore, we discuss eye local

3、ization here, with a brief discussion of face detection in the literature review .#The eye localization method is used to align the 2D face images of the various test sets used throughout this section. However, to ensure that all results presented are representative of the face recognition accuracy

4、and not a product of the performance of the eye localization routine, all image alignments are manually checked and any errors corrected, prior to testing and evaluation.#We detect the position of the eyes within an image using a simple template based method. A training set of manually pre-aligned i

5、mages of faces is taken, and each image cropped to an area around both eyes. The average image is calculated and used as a template.#Figure 4-1 The average eyes. Used as a template for eye detection.#Both eyes are included in a single template, rather than individually searching for each eye in turn

6、, as the characteristic symmetry of the eyes either side of the nose, provide a useful feature that helps distinguish between the eyes and other false positives that may be picked up in the background. Although this method is highly susceptible to scale （i.e. subject distance from the camera） and al

7、so introduces the assumption that eyes in the image appear near horizontal. Some preliminary experimentation also reveals that it is advantageous to include the area of skin just beneath the eyes. The reason being that in some cases the eyebrows can closely match the template, particularly if there

8、are shadows in the eye-sockets, but the area of skin below the eyes helps to distinguish the eyes from eyebrows （the area just below the eyebrows contain eyes, whereas the area below the eyes contains only plain skin）.#A window is passed over the test images and the absolute difference taken to that

9、 of the average eye image shown above. The area of the image with the lowest difference is taken as the region of interest containing the eyes. Applying the same procedure using a smaller template of the individual left and right eyes then refines each eye position.#This basic template-based method

10、of eye localization, although providing fairly precise localizations, often fails to locate the eyes completely. However, we are able to improve performance by including a weighting scheme.#Eye localization is performed on the set of training images, which is then separated into two sets:# those in

11、which eye detection was successful;# and those in which eye detection failed. Taking the set of successful localizations we compute the average distance from the eye template （Figure 4-2 top）. Note that the image is quite dark, indicating that the detected eyes correlate closely to the eye template,

12、 as we would expect. However, bright points do occur near the whites of the eye, suggesting that this area is often inconsistent, varying greatly from the average eye template.# #Figure 4-2 Distance to the eye template for successful detections （top） indicating variance due to noise and failed detec

13、tions （bottom） showing credible variance due to miss-detected features.#In the lower image （Figure 4-2 bottom）, we have taken the set of failed localizations（images of the forehead, nose, cheeks, background etc. falsely detected by the localization routine） and once again computed the average distan

14、ce from the eye template. The bright pupils surrounded by darker areas indicate that a failed match is often due to the high correlation of the nose and cheekbone regions overwhelming the poorly correlated pupils. Wanting to emphasize the difference of the pupil regions for these failed matches and

15、minimize the variance of the whites of the eyes for successful matches, we divide the lower image values by the upper image to produce a weights vector as shown in Figure 4-3. When applied to the difference image before summing a total error, this weighting scheme provides a much improved detection

16、rate.#Figure 4-3 - Eye template weights used to give higher priority to those pixels that best represent the eyes.#4.2 The Direct Correlation Approach#We begin our investigation into face recognition with perhaps the simplest approach, known as the direct correlation method （also referred to as template matching by Brunelli and Poggio） involving the direct comparison of pixel intensity values taken from facial images. We use the term Direct Correlation to encompass all techn