新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读BUnitWord下载.docx

1、新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读BUnit#Unit 9#Animal Emotions#Laura Tangley#Sheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning. #Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too. #1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After ma

2、ting, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight. #2. In Ta

3、nzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troops 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flos son, Flint, sits beside his mothers lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless

4、, withdrawing from the troop despite his siblings efforts to bring him backand refusing food. Three weeks after Flos death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too. #3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee?# Leviathans in love?# Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, w

5、ould say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nations 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in f

6、ields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting this popular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote or case study in scientific parlance has now achieved s

7、ome respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.” #4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers skepticism is fueled in part by their profes

8、sional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments l

9、eading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement. #5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experi

10、ence fear which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear and its predictab

11、le flight, fight, or freeze responses seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response. #6.But beyon

12、d such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings those that entail mental processing is difficult to demonstrate. “I cant even prove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how theyre fee

13、ling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may

14、actually be more knowable than those of humans, because they dont “filter” their feelings the way we do. #7.#Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers dont even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Gre

15、en State University in Ohio and author of Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where wed be in physics if we hadnt inferr

16、ed whats inside the atom,” says Panksepp. “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we dont deny that it exists.”#8.#The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their care