Summary的写作技巧和常见句型Word文件下载.doc

1、段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author.）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好tran

2、sition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节只保留主要观点。5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“His courage in battle m

3、ight without exaggeration be called lion-like.” ”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” “He was in financial difficulties.” 6） 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only

4、 a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” ”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are t

5、oday accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7） 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation

6、.” ”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9） 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: Yo

7、u use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was

8、patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost th

9、e sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.7.注意问题（1）

10、避免重复在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。（2）不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者（3）概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4 （4）不要过多照搬原作者的用词，用句（尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句）。（5）最后检查一遍，确保文中没有语病，没有语法错误和拼写错误。二、论文摘要摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此，摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、手段等；（3）结果（4）

11、结果的分析、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息价值。（一）引言部分1.回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about.2.阐明写作或研究目的purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如：To investigate the mechanism of.3.介绍论文的重点内容或研

12、究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。Here we study the.This article includes a brief review of（二）方法部分1.介绍研究过程test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。We present an analysis of .2.说明研究或试验方法measure, estimate, calculate等。W

13、e have developed amodel to estimate .This study presents estimates of.（三）结果部分1.展示研究结果show, result, present等。We show this cell death to be dependent uponOur results suggest that2.介绍结论summary, introduce, conclude等。By means of a series of examples, we conclude that（四）讨论部分1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点suggest, report,

14、 present, explain, expect, describe等。The results suggest thatIn this study, we describe .2.阐明论证support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。3.推荐和建议suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的

15、概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了. 一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。如何写英文摘要 概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要