1、中国英语学习者语料库CLEC桂诗春杨惠中中国英语学习者语料库CLEC收集了包括中学生、大学英语4级和6级、专业英语低年级和高年级在内的5种学生的语料一百多万词,并对言语失误进行标注。其目的就是观察各类学生的英语特征和言语失误的情况,希望通过定量和定性的方法对中国学习者英语作出较为精确的描写,为我国学生的英语教学提供有用的反馈信息。 表1 CLEC语料分布类型 词次 ST2208088ST3209043ST4212855ST5214510ST6226106总计 言语失误标注 原则 1. 简单合理,易于系统操作。参与标注的人比较多,分类表过于繁复,就难于掌握。我们采取两级分类,第一级有11类:词形
2、(fm)、动词短语(vp)、名词短语(np)、代词(pr)、形容词短语(aj)、副词(ad)、介词短语(pp)、连词(cj)、词汇(wd)、搭配(cc)、句子(sn)。每一类里再用数目字细分。如cc为词语搭配不当,cc1表示名词和名词的搭配,cc2表示名词和动词的搭配,cc3表示动词和名词的搭配,等等。2. 分类表的类别要适中。过粗容易统一,但信息太少,不利于分析学习者的失误/过细难以统一,容易把同一种失误归到不同类别。目前我们采取的办法是对常见的失误从细(如vp和np都有9小类),对少见的失误从粗(如cj只有两小类)。现在的分类表有61个失误码,是属于中等规模的分类表。3. 提供足够的失误信
3、息(失误本身、失误类型和失误发生范围)。例如In the past, people are vp6, 4- kind to each other, 失误用方括号表示,放在失误之后。 vp6In the past, people are vp6,4-kind to each other,vp6,4- are 为vp(动词)第6种(时态)失误,4-为失误发生的范围,-表示失误的位置,4表示失误前有4个词。要联系这4个词,才能判断areare这个词用错了。 4. 开放性。容许研究者根据需要对失误类型进行补充或进一步再分出细类。例如sn8为句子结构有缺陷,研究者可以对这种失误再分为若干细类来研究。这需
4、要把sn8的失误全部检索出来,然后定出第三级的分类范畴,如sn81,sn82,等等。 5. 对语体或失误的来由暂不作标注,因为这需要标注者较多的主观判断,更难以统一。言语失误分类表(总数:61)词形 动词短语 名词短语 代词 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 fm1 Spelling vp1 pattern np1 pattern pr1 Reference fm2 word building vp2 set phrase np2 set phrase pr2 anticipatory it fm3 capitalization vp3 agreement np3 agreement p
5、r3 Agreement vp4 finite/non-finite np4 case pr4 Case vp5 non-finite np5 countability pr5 wh- vp6 tense np6 number pr6 Indefinite vp7 voice np7 article vp8 mood np8 quantifiers vp9 modal/auxiliary np9 other determiners 形容词短语 副词 介词短语 连词 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 aj1 pattern ad1 order pp1 pattern cj1 pattern
6、 aj2 set phrase ad2 modification pp2 set phrase cj2 set phrase aj3 degree ad3 degree aj4 -ed/-ing confusion aj5 predicative/attributive 词语 搭配 句子 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 wd1order cc1 noun/noun sn1 run-on sentence wd2 part of speech cc2 noun/verb sn2 sentence fragment wd3 substitution cc3 verb/noun sn3 danglin
7、g modifier wd4 absence cc4 adj/noun sn4 illogical comparison wd5 redundancy cc5 verb/adv sn5 topic prominence wd6 repetition cc6 adv/adj sn6 Coordination wd7 ambiguity sn7 Subordination sn8 structural deficiency sn9 Punctuation 标注说明 码 分 类 类 别 说 明 fm1wordSpelling(拼写)spelling, coinage, abbreviation, a
8、postrophefm2wordword building(构词)derivation, inflection, compounding, plurality (noun), irregularity(verb), 3rd person singular form(verb), syllabification, hyphenation, word division or fusion fm3wordCapitalization(大小写)lower initial letter for upper initial letter or vice versavp1vb phrPattern(及物性型
9、式)error in transitivity(vi as vt or vice versa), transitive verb pattern/ grammatical(cf Oxford advanced learners dictionary of current English edited by A. S. Hornby)vp2vb phrset phrase(固定词组)phrasal verb and verbal phrase: error in form or usevp3vb phrAgreement(主谓一致性)number agreement with its subje
10、ct (noun or pronoun)vp4vb phrfinite/non-finite(定式)finite verb for non-finite verb or vice versavp5vb phrnon-finite(不定式)infinitive error: form and use/ infinitive for participle or vice versa/ -ed participle for -ing participle or vice versavp6vb phrTense(时态)error in tense use within a sentence/ the
11、sequence of tenses between sentencesvp7vb phr voice (语态)error in the use of voice: active for passive or vice versavp8vb phrMood(语气)error in the use of mood: imperative, subjunctive/ improper structure of conditional sentencesvp9vb phrmodal/auxiliary(情态)misuse of modal/auxiliary verbs/ wrong form of
12、 modal verb(or auxiliary verb) and verb combination (e.g tense form, voice form, etc)np1nn phrPattern(名词型式)Error in combination with other words/grammaticalnp2nn phrset phrase(固定词组)omission or replacement of a fixed element that goes after a certain nounnp3nn phrAgreement(主谓一致性)number agreement of a
13、 noun with its determiner or a word that refers to itnp4nn phrCase(格)possessive case error: form or use np5nn phrCountability(可数性)uncountable noun used as countable nounnp6nn phrNumber(数)countable noun used with no determiner or -s/ a or -s with plural nounnp7nn phrArticle(冠词)a/an confusion or definite/indefinite confusionnp8nn phrQuantifiers(数量词)misuse or confusion between many/much, (a) few/(a) little, some/any, etcnp9nn phrother determiners(其他限定词)misuse or confusion of demonstrati
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