课后完整答案.docx

1、课后完整答案Unite 12、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Compression Members 受压构件 （2）critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载 （3）the slenderness ratio 细长比 （4）stub column 短柱（5）reduced modulus 简化模量 （6）Effective length 计算长度（7）Residual stress 残余应力 （8）Trial-and-error approach 试算法（9）Radius of gyratio

2、n 回转半径 （10）Tangent modulus 切线模量3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.然而，在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有实现，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in t

3、hese cases the member is a beam-column. 在许多情况下，构件同样需要能够抵抗弯矩，在这些情况下，构件被称之为梁柱。(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit-that is, the member is still elastic-the critical buckling load is given by Q.如果该构件很细长以至于在压曲前的应力低于比例极限-也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性状态-该构件的该

4、临界屈曲荷载就可以由公式Q给出。(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression members slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. L/r 这一比值是长细比，是受压构件的长细的量度，细长的构件具有较大的值。(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material

5、, the relation between stress and strain is not linear,and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used.如果屈曲发生时的应力超过了材料的比例极限，应力与应变之间的关系不再是线性的，弹性模量E不能再使用(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.如果构件更粗壮

6、，如图Fig.1.1b所示，要把构件到达不稳定点，一个更大的荷载将被要求。(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.例如，轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。(8)In 1947, F.R.Shanley resolved the apparent in

7、consistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling.1947年，FRShanley解决原有理论的表面不相容性，并且切线模量公式，Eq.1.3，被接受作为非弹性屈曲计算的正确公式。(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any

8、column of a given material. 这条复合曲线，被称为柱强度曲线，完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best.因为实际上不可能构建一个无摩擦销连接，更不用说这个支撑条件至多只可以尽量近似。5、Translate the following sentence into English

9、.（1）受压构件是只承受轴向压力的结构构件。 Compression members(受压构件) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compression forces（2）公式1.1要成立，构件必须是弹性的并且其两端必须能自由转动但不能横向移动。 For Eq 1.1 to be valid,the member must be elastic,and its ends must by free to rotate(旋 转) but not translate laterally(侧移).（3）临界荷

10、载又是被称为欧拉荷载或欧拉屈曲荷载。 The critical load(临界荷载) is sometimes referred to as the Euler load(欧拉荷载) or the Euler buckling load(欧拉弯曲荷载). （4）图1.2中的应力应变曲线不同于延性钢的应力应变曲线，因为它有明显的非 非线性区域。 The stress-strain curve in Fig.1.2 is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性钢材) because it has a pronounced region(显著区域)

11、of nonlinearity.（5）其他因素，想焊接和冷弯，都能影响残余应力，但冷却过程是残余应力的主要来源。 Other factors,such as welding(焊接) and cold-bending(冷弯) to create curvature(曲率) in a beam,can contribute to the residual stress,but the cooling process is the chief source(主要因素).Unite 22、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1

12、）cross section 截面 （2）bending moment 弯矩 （3）live load 活载 （4）force due to gravity 重力（5）building code 建筑规范 （6）functional design 功能设计（7）nonstructural components 非结构构件 （8）Nonprofit organization非赢利组织（9）the Uniform Building Code统一建筑规范 （10）the Standard Building Code标准建筑规范 3、Translate the following sentence i

13、nto Chinese.（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构

14、钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。（2）The architect decides how the building should look;the engineer must make sure that it doesnt fall down. 建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is,different arrangements of members and th

15、eir connections. 一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both. 然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。（5）All of the loads mentioned

16、 thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects. 若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问

17、题，我们必须考虑它的影响。（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对 有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings,but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical. 由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。（8）A structural analysis of the effe

18、cts of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structures response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake 分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure 其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力

19、。（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs. 虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1）作用在结构上的力被称为荷载。 The f

20、orces that act on a structure are called loads.（2）恒载就是固定不变的荷载，包括结构自身的重量。 Dead loads are those that are permanent,including the weight of the structure itself,（3）活载不是恒载那样固定不变的活载，活载也可以是重力荷载。 Live loads,which can also be gravity loads,are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. （4）建筑规范不规定设计方法，但规

21、定必须满足的设计要求和强制条件。 Building codes do not give design procedures,but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.（5）与建筑规范不同，设计规范对结构构件及其连接的设计做了详细的指导。In contrast to building codes,design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and

22、 their connections.Unite 42、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure结构稳定（5）The expansion joint 伸缩缝 （6）Moisture content 含水量（7）Cement paste 水泥浆 （8）The coefficient of thermal expansion o

23、f concrete 混凝土热膨胀系（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in t

24、emperature, and applied loads.混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收缩越小。(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in

25、 concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.一般来说，在硬化过程中初期率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues t

26、o develop over a period that may last for years.持续负荷下，塑性变形继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土，并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加(8)Creep is reduced with an i

27、ncrease in the humidity of the ambient air蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小. (10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝土养护将减少蠕变量.5、Tra

28、nslate the following sentence into English.（1）如果通过蒸发失去水分，混凝土就会收缩，但在水中硬化则会膨胀。If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks,but if the concrete hardens in water,it expands.（2）影响混凝土收缩的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water co

29、ntent、 gradation(等级) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收缩量则越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix,the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是热的良导体，而钢筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat,whereas steel is a good one.（5）在荷载作用期间，大约80%的徐变产生在前4个月内，大约2年

30、后完成90%的徐变。 Creep increases with the loading period.About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months;90%occurs after about 2 years.Unite 52、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）building code 建筑规范 （6）随机变量 random variation（2）stochastic analyse 随机分析 （7）半经验公式 semiempirical equ

31、ation（3）multistory building 多层建筑 （8）风洞荷载 wind tunnel testing （4）code-prescribed data 规范规定的数值 （9）持续活荷载 sustained live load（5）transient live load 瞬时活荷载 （10）名义值 nominal value3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, deter

32、mined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).该建筑代码加载历来给出标准值，根据材料的性质（如，恒载）或负载调查（如，活荷载和雪荷载）的基础上确定。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect th