自考英语讲义完整版.docx

1、自考英语讲义完整版自考英语（二）讲义完整版一讲义一Text AWhat Is a Decision ？I.课文内容简介决策目是制定和实现组织目的。作决策因素是有问题存在、目的和目不对的、或者有某种东西防碍目的或目实现。作决策过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必要具备从各种可供选取也许性中拟定最佳选取手段。而各种目的顺序和重要性也某些地基于决策者价值观。今天所作决策也许会对将来产生深远影响。因而，有经验管理者能从当前决策看到将来效果。段落大意：课文提成三某些第一、二段：决策定义 The definition of decision第三、四段：作决策普通过程 The general process

2、 of making a decision第五至九段：在管理层次上，各种因素影响决策制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial levelII.New Wordsorganizational a. 组织上goal n. 目，目的objective n./a. 目的，目/客观，真实accomplish vt. 完毕（任务等）predict vt./vi. 预言；预示accompany vt. 随着，陪伴implement vt. 实现；完毕constraint n. 强制；强制因素precedent n. 先例

3、，前例simplify vt. 简化tendency n. 趋势，倾向managerial a. 经理，管理人maker n. 制造者；制造商achievement n. 完毕，达到attain vt. 达到；完毕optimal a. 最适当，最抱负suboptimization n. 局部最优化trade-off n. 权衡；物物互换argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论budget n./vt. 预算scheme n./vt.把 编入预算define vt. 解释，给下定义multiple a./n.多样，复合/倍数profitability n. 赚钱，获利correctness n.

4、对的，对的性unintended a. 非筹划中，非故意ongoing a. 进行中，非故意entity n. 存在，实体skilled a. 纯熟；有技能in the way 挡路、碍事to make a guess at 猜测and the like 等等，诸如此类to seek to 追求，争取in part 某些地，在某种限度上point of view 观点词汇精讲1.goal n. 目的，进球，球门 （ 同义词：aim ，end ， purpose，objective）Her goal is a place at university . 她目的是在大学任教。2.objective

5、 ： n./a. 目；目的（尤指较长远目的）；宗旨/客观，如实派生词：object n. 物体反义词：subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物；/ 主观，用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她目的是接受大学教诲。If you dont work hard， youll never achieve your objectives.如果你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目。Achieve表达较难达到目的。It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实报道。3.accomplish v. 完毕（任务）等The stu

6、dents accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .学生们在不到10分钟内完毕了任务。4.predict ： v 预言，预示， 预告同义词：forecast v. 预测，预报Its hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。5.accompany ： v. 随着，陪伴The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤单老人让她狗做伴。All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有订货单必要随付

7、钞票。派生词： company n. 公司； v. 陪伴6.implement v. 实现，实行，履行（诺言）等The committees suggestions will be implemented immediately.委员会意见将及时贯彻执行。The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.对全国医疗体系改革将在来年进行。7.constraint n. 限制， 约束They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on t

8、he rules of grammer她们说了实话但是有所保存（是被迫）。 语法规则限制（约束）8.tendency ： n. 趋势，倾向There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作趋势日益增长。派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向 用法：tend to do sth.He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .当人们不批准她意见时，她很容易气愤。9.achievement n. 完毕，成就，An

9、 Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .对一种如此年轻人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起成就。派生词：achieve v. 完毕，做到，达到（目），实现，获得He will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt work hard .如果她不努力，将会永远达不到目。10.attain ： v. 达到；获得 （长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtain， get用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in

10、life. 她下定决心要达到生活中目的。The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。11.optimal adj 最佳The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航最佳天气条件。12.argue ： vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论用法：作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with， about 或over（就争论），for （赞成）或against （反对）She is always ready to argue

11、 over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小问题进行争论。He often argues philosophy with James. 她常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。He argued for immediate action . 她主张及时行动。They argued against such a policy. 她们反对这种政策。作及物动词时，表达“说服、用辩论证明”意思I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服她不做这样危险旅行。He argued that man was descended from

12、apes. 她论证人类祖先是猿。13.scheme n 筹划 方案He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .她制定了一种在20岁之前发财疯狂筹划。14.multiple adj 多样 复合What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .一种人下一步会做什么是她受到各种影响成果。15.ongoing adj 进行中，迈进No agreement has yet been

13、 reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .当前还没有达到任何合同，谈判仍在进行。16.entity n 存在 实体He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .她把这个国家北方当作一种单独文化实体。17.skilled adj 纯熟，有技能My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .我妈妈非常擅长做衣服。Phrases and Expressions1.（stand， get， be ） in the

14、 way 碍事 ，挡道；妨碍人If you are not going to help， at least dont get in the way！ 如果你不肯帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。The chair is in the way， please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。有关短语：in a way 在某种限度上；在某些方面； 从某一点上看in no way 决不；一点也不；in the way of 按照； 就。 而言by way of 取道，经由by the way 顺便问一下2.to make a guess at 猜测You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来可以猜到她是谁。Can you make a guess at the price ？ 你猜得出价钱吗？3.to seek to（inf） 谋求，争取Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .发电站正在设法减少石油使用4.in part ： 某些地；有些某些；在某种限度上This was in part due to financial difficulties. 某些是由于