1、专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。Hemingway Russia。名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。名词可做主语、表语、定语、补语、同位语。如:My sister is reading a novel. (主语)She is my sister.(表语) Iinvite my friend to dinner.(宾语)代词(pron.) pronoun何谓“代” ?即是替代的意思,主要是来替代名词,有时代替数词。所以说名词和代词关系是很近的,或者说代词的实质就是名词,正是这种血液关系,绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一
2、样的。She(主语) brought me(宾语) these books, so they are mine.(表语)动词(v.)verb动就是动作或状态-人的五官动作:walk(走),jump(跳),swim(游泳);人的大脑动作(心理活动):think(想),imagine(想象).也有些动词是表示静止的,如:am, is, are。动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。作谓语。He cant underdtand (谓语) what he said.形容词(adj.) adjective形容词是用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。yellow(黄色的),wonde
3、rful(惊人的),strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前,例如:busy streets(繁华的街道),public relations(公共关系),young men(年轻人)等。作宾语、表语、宾补、主补、独立成分。The house was found empty.(主补)He made his mother angry.(宾补)副词(adv.)adverb表示行为特征或性状特征的词,主要修饰动词,也可修饰形容词、副词、介词短语或全句,表示时间、地点、方式、程度,也表示说话人的态度等。作状语、表语、主补、宾补和定语。He speaks English quite flu
4、ently.(状语) I must be off.(表语)We saw him out.(宾补)数词(num.)numeral表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词,例如:one(一),twenty(二十),thirty-five(三十五),one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等;后者称为序数词,例如:first(第一),twentieth(第二十),fifty-first(第五十一)等。作主语、表语、定语。Five (主语)plus seven (宾语)is twelve. 冠词(art.)article放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。英语中只有三
5、个冠词:aan(不定冠词)the(定冠词),不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。介词(prep.)preposition又叫前置词,放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面,表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系. 介词根据其构成,可分为简单介词,如:in, at, for, since等;复合介词,如:into(进入), as for(至于), out of(出自);二重介词,如:until after(直至.之后), from among(从.当中);短语介词,如:according to(根据), because of(因为), in front of(在.之前), in the event
6、of(如果);分词介词,如:regarding(关于), considering(考虑到), including(包括)。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositional phrase)。介词短语作状语、定语、表语。The women stood near the window in silence.(状语) The teacher in silence is middle-aged.(定语)连词(conj.)conjunction 连词的作用是连接词、短语、从句或句子。连词是虚词,不能在句中单独作句子成分。根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质,可
7、分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词,例如:and(和), or(或者、否则), but(但是), for(因为), not only.but also(不仅.而且), neither.nor(即不.也不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词,例如:that, if(如果), whether(是否), when(当.时候), although(虽然), because(因为), so that(结果)。The boys and (连接词)the girls are working hard at school and(连接短语) at home b
8、ecause (连接从句)they know what (连接从句)they study,感叹词(interj.) interjection主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的,比如:oh/ah/well等等,这一词类在十大词类中并不重要,了解即可。二、英语句子成分讲解及练习句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 1. 主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east (名词) He
9、likes dancing. (代词)Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词)To see is to believe.(不定式) What he needs is a book.(主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into
10、the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2. 谓语(predicate):是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture o
11、n the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoo
12、n Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast3. 表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. (名词) Seventy-four! You dont look it. (代词)Five and five is ten. (数词) He is asleep. (形容词)His father is in.(副词) The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch i
13、s gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)(常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉) It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food t
14、astes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.(三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.4. 宾语:1)动宾表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)How many do you need? We need two. (数词)I enjoy working with you. (动名词)I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said?
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