1、(即句子叙说的主体)例如:Tom is the tallest boy in our class. They are playing football.Three million dollars is not enough.To see is to believe.Walking on the moon is very difficult.What he is doing is unknown.主语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首。.谓语:谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态, 即“做什么”或“怎么样”。I went to Paris last summer.I have bee
2、n waiting for you all morning.I hate lies.谓语由动词或动词短语担任,常位于主语后,具有人称、各种时态及语态变化。III.宾语:谓语动词的动作的承受者,即动作的对象或内容。I love you.I study Chinese.He wrote many plays.I taught him a lesson yesterday.Can you show me your photo?许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语(双宾语):直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者,通常是物;间接宾语表示动作对谁或为谁而做,通常是人。I taught him(间宾) a
3、lesson(直宾) yesterday. 可以接双宾语的动词有:give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等。 双宾语通常的语序是:间接宾语在前面,直接宾语在后。如果要强调直接宾语,也可以至于间接宾语之前。这时,间接宾语之前必须加介词to或for(to强调动作对谁而作,for强调动作为谁而做)。give me a book = give a book to me buy Tom a watch = buy a watch for Tom 宾语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或
4、句子充当,位于动词之后。. 表语: 语用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。Be careful!His job is looking after sheep. He looks very angry.Our teacher stays young.Leaves turn yellow in fall. 一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于系动词之后,与系动词一起构成句子的谓语。(穿插系动词相关知识). 定语: 定语是修饰或限定名词或代词的词,表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。 Its an interesting story. Do you have time
5、to help us? I like the novels written by Lu Xun.Who is the woman being operated on? 定语通常由形容词、代词、名词、名词所有格、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当,(位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在后)。.状语: 修饰谓语动词的句子成分叫状语,一般用来说明谓语动作所发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。We like English very much. Her uncle lives in Canada. She was lying in bed reading.When I was
6、 seven,I began to write poems.United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。 状语一般一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或从句充当,位置灵活。(句首、句末、插入). 补语: 补语用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语(多见宾补)。主补: The goat rolled over, dead. Abraham Lincoln was elected president again. The boy is seening playing with his sister in the garden
7、.宾补: Please make yourself at home. He told us to stay.Ive never seen her dancing.I found it difficult to refuse him. 补语通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等补充。.同位语: 对前面的名词或代词做进一步说明或解释。(若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语)。We students should study hard.This is my friend Harry. 同位语通常由名词、数词、代词或从句等充当。. 独立成
8、分: 与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开(区别于分词独立结构)。感叹语:Here! Dont cry!呼语:Lucy, you look tired.插入语:He may be late for the meeting, I am afraid.二、 句子的分类(1)-按结构简单句 并列句 复合句1.简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。例句: 1. She goes to work every day. 2. Tom and I found her there. 3. We all breathe, eat an
9、d work.2. 并列句:由并列连词(如:and, so, but, or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。 1. I often help her and she helps me, too. 2. Harry likes eggs, but he doesnt like chicken.3. 复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子, 从句包含名词性从句(包括主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),副词性从句即状语从句,和形容词性从句即定语从句。 1. I believe(that) you are right. 2. If he studies harde
10、r, he will pass the exam.简单句的五种基本句型英语句子有长在短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句型列式如下: 基本句型一: + (主谓) 基本句型二: + + (主系表) 基本句型三: + + (主谓宾) 基本句型四: + +IO +(主谓间宾直宾) 基本句型五: + + +(主谓宾宾补)基本句型 一 +(主谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫
11、做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 (不及物动词)1. Time 2. The sun3. They 4. He fliesrose. talked for half an hour.has gone.基本句型 二 + +(主系表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分三类:be动词; 感官系动词look, feel,smell,taste,sound;半系动词get, grow, become, turn,go等。(是系动词)(表语)1. Th
12、is 2. The dinner3. Everything4. The weather 5. His face is smellslooks becameturned an English dictionary. good. different. warmer. red. 基本句型 三 + +(主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。(实义动词)(宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. Danny 4. I 5. He knows laughs at likes wa
13、nt said the answer?her. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good orning.基本句型 四 + +IO +(主谓间宾直宾) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(直接宾语),另一个是动作的间接承受者(间接宾语)。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略(举例解释)。(及物)I(多指人)(多指物)1.He2. He 3. I 5. I passed brought showed gave told himyou him a new dress. a dictionary. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. 基本句型 五 + + +(主谓宾
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