《计算机与网络运用》教案Word格式.docx

1、1.1 计算机发展史1.1 the history of computer1.1.1 计算机的史前时代1.1.1 the prehistoric times of computer公元5世纪，中国人发明了算盘，并一直沿用到今天。1943年，美国宾夕法尼亚大学研制成功“ENIAC” （Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator）电子计算机。从此，人类进入了一个全新的计算技术时代。The 5th century, the Chinese invented the abacus, and continues to this day. In 1943,

2、 the United States at the university of Pennsylvania, successfully developed ENIAC （Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator） Electronic computers. Since then, mankind has entered a new era of computing.1.1.2 第一台现代电子计算机的诞生1.1.2 the birth of the first modern electronic computer1946年2月5日，是人类文明历史

3、上的重要转折点。世界上第一台真正的现代电子数字计算机ENIAC研制成功了（参见图1-3）。它用电子管代替继电器和其他半机械式装置，使运行速度一下子可以提高数千倍。ENIAC共用了18000多只电子管，耗电150 kW，占地170 m2。为了给这个庞然大物散热，专门为它配备了一台重约30t的冷却装置。ENIAC的计算速度比以前的计算工具有了显著的提高，每秒钟可作5000次加法。用当时最快的机电式计算机做10点弹道计算需要两小时，而ENIAC只用3秒就可以完成。On February 5, 1946, is an important turning point in the history of

4、human civilization. The worlds first truly modern digital electronic computer ENIAC the successful development （see figure 1-3）. It use tube instead of relay and other mechanical devices, making thousands of times running speed can improve at once. ENIAC used more than 18000 tube, power 18000 kW, co

5、vers an area of 170 m2. To give this huge heat dissipation, for it is equipped with a weighing about 30 t cooling device. ENIAC the computing speed of calculation tools has improved significantly than before, the additive can make 5000 times every second. Made 10 at the time the fastest electromecha

6、nical computing point trajectory calculation need two hours, the ENIAC used only three seconds can be completed.1.1.3 现代计算机发展的4个阶段1.1.3 four stages for the development of modern computer从第一代计算机至今，半个多世纪以来，计算机的发展先后经历了电子管、晶体管、集成电路、大规模和超大规模集成电路的演变。总的发展趋势是体积、重量、功耗越来越小，而容量、速度、处理能力等性能越来越高。Since the first g

7、eneration of computers, more than half a century, the development of the computer has successively experienced the electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, the evolution of the large-scale and very large scale integrated circuit. The general development trend is volume, weight, power consum

8、ption is more and more small, and the capacity, speed and processing power is higher and higher performance.1采用电子管计算机的第一代计算机（19461957）在20世纪50年代之前，计算机都采用电子管作元件。电子管元件有许多明显的缺点。例如，在运行时产生的热量太多，可靠性较差，运算速度不快，价格昂贵，体积庞大，这些都使计算机发展受到限制。1. The use of vacuum tube computer （1946-1957）, the first generation of com

9、puter Before the 1950 s, computers are using tube element. There are many obvious disadvantages valve components. At runtime, for example, too much heat, poor reliability, operation speed, expensive, bulky, these all make the computer development is restricted.2采用晶体管的第二代电子计算机（19581964）导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间

10、的物质就叫作半导体，最常见的是锗和硅。晶体管就是用半导体材料制成的。计算速度从每秒几十万次提高到几百万次。用晶体管来作计算机的元件，不仅能实现电子管的功能，而且具有尺寸小、重量轻、寿命长、效率高、发热少、功耗低等优点。2. Adopt transistors of the second generation of computers （1958-1964） Electrical conductivity between conductor and insulator material called a semiconductor, the most common of which are ge

11、rmanium and silicon. Transistor is made of semiconductor materials. Computing speed increased from hundreds of thousands of times per second to millions of times. Use transistors to the computers components, not only can realize the function of the valve, and has a small size, light weight, long ser

12、vice life, high efficiency, less heat, low power consumption advantages.3采用集成电路的第三代计算机 （19651970）在约1cm2的芯片上，就可以集成上百万个电子元件。计算速度从每秒几十万次提高到百万次。3. The use of the third generation integrated circuit computer （1965-1970） In about 1 cm2 chip that can integrate millions of electronic components. Computing s

13、peed from hundreds of thousands of times to one million times per second.4使用超大规模集成电路的第四代计算机（1970年至今）由大规模和超大规模集成电路组成，计算机被称为第四代电子计算机。计算速度从每秒几百万次提高到千亿次。1981年，IBM推出了首台个人计算机IBM PC（Personal Computer）（参见图1-4）。首创了个人计算机的概念，并为PC制定了全球通用的工业标准。其处理器来自Intel公司，磁盘操作系统来自于32人组成的微软公司，不久之后就催生了微软和Intel这两大PC时代的霸主。计算机技术和通信

14、技术相结合，出现了计算机网络。现在我们普遍使用的台式计算机、笔记本等都属于第四代计算机。4. The use of very large scale integrated circuit of the fourth generation of computers （1970 - present） Is composed of a large and very large scale integrated circuit, the computer is called the fourth generation of computers. Computing speed from millions of times to one hundred billion times per second. In 1981, IBM launched its first Personal Computer IBM PC （Personal Computer） （see figure 1-4）. Pioneered the concept of personal computers, PC and was designed for th