如何写好论文的introductionPPT资料.ppt

1、Announcing your major findings Outlining the contents of your paper,Read the following paragraph and summarize the main elements included in the first Level of an Introduction,Forecast of the tracks of hurricanes（飓风）have improved steadily over the past three decades,owing to a combination of better

2、observations and much improved numerical models.These improvements,along with advances in warning systems and preparedness for emergencies,have brought about a significant decline in loss of life.,引言开头（即第一层）最主要目的是告诉读者论文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么，研究要解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。也就是说，开头要回答如下问题：What is the subject of the res

3、earch?How is the research going at present?,句型1:研究主题+谓语动词be Spot welding（点焊）is the most widely used joining method in the automobile manufacturing industry.句型2:研究主题+has become the battery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry.Forest decline has become a favorite topic for

4、 environmental studies.,句型3:Recently,there has been growing interest in/concern about+研究主题In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.句型4:Recently there have/has been extensive/increasing/numerous publications/

5、literature/reporting on+研究领域There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.,句型5:Researchers have become increasingly interested in+研究领域或:Researchers have recently focused their attentio

6、n on+研究领域Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators.Researchers are paying more attention to high pressure injection（高压喷射）.,文献出处的标注模式1：作者（年代）十谓语动词主动语态+研究内容成果例:P40 the second paragraph Also,Fay（1991）found cooperative group projects integrated into science class to be successf

7、ul experiences for students.,模式2：研究内容成果+谓语动词被动语态+（作者年代）Success at this Science Day was found to be linked to parental support（Czemiak 1996）.,模式3：It has been十谓语动词被动语态+by作者（年代）+that从句或：It has been+谓语动词被动语态+that从句（作者年代）研究内容成果+谓语动词被动语态+by作者（年代）It was found by Czemiak（1996）that success at this Science Da

8、y was linked to parental support.或:It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support（Czemiak 1996）.,如何写研究动机与目的 在介绍了他人在某领域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介绍作者自己的研究动机、目的与内容。介绍研究动机可以从两个角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解决的问题或知识的空白，二是说明解决这一问题，或填补知识空白的重要意义。,句型1：用表示否定意义的词例little，few，no或none of+名词作主语。如：例 aLittle inform

9、ationattentionworkresearch bFew studiesinvestigationsresearchersattempts CNo studiesdatacalculations dNoneofthese studiesfindingscalculations,句型2:里表示对照的句型。如:a.The research has tended to focus on,rather than on b.These studies have emphasized,as opposed to c.Although considerable research has been de

10、voted to,rather less attention has been paid to例：Although there is much hope that three-dimensional coupled models will lead to better understanding of the factors that control hurricane intensity and to increased reliability of hurricane intensity forecasts,the present generation of models may not

11、have enough horizontal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms.,句型3：提出问题或假设。a.However,it remains unclear whetherb.It would thus be of interest to learn howc.If these results could be confirmed,they would provide strong evidence for d.These findings suggest that this treatment migh

12、t not be so effective when applied toe.It would seem,therefore,that further investigations are needed in order to,如何写引言的结尾 研究目的完全可以作为引言的结尾。也可以简单介绍一下文章的结构及每一部分的主要内容，从而起到画龙点睛的作用，使读者了解文章的轮廓和脉络。至于研究结果，在引言中完全可以不写。研究结果是结论部分最主要的组成部分。,Sections l describesSection2analysesSection3discussesSection 4 summarizes

13、,titles,题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语（noun phrase）最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。例如：can agricultural mechanization be realized without petroleum?（

14、农业机械化能离开石油吗?）。,题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好.中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。,1）实词大写虚词小写。Body Lang

15、uage and Human Communication2）位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。On the Principles of Tourism3）位于标题中冒号之后的副标题的首位词首字母大写。Efficacy of Partial Meal Replacement Products：A Meta and Pooling Analysis（部分饮食替代品的效能汇总合并分析）4）五个字母以上的虚词通常也大写。The People Without a Country5）由连字符“-”连接的复合词的各词中，实词的首字母大写。The English-Speaking People in Quebec6）在科技论文的题目中,引导动词不定式的“to”字母T通常大写。Compounds To Be Tested,abstract,Brevity（简洁）Clarity（