关于JAVA领域的外文翻译（适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照）Word格式.docx

1、#原文#Java 2 Micro Edition and the World of Java#1 Introduction#The computer revolution of the 1970s increased the demand for sophisticated computersoftware to take advantage of the ever#-increasing capacity of computers to process data.The C program ming language became the linchpin that enabled prog

2、rammers to buildsoftware that was just as robust as the computer it ran on.#As the 1980s approached, programmers were witnessing anot her spurt in the evolutionof programming language. Computer tec hnology advanced beyond the capabilities of the C programming l anguage. The problem wasnt new. It occ

3、urred previously and ca used the demise of generations of programming languages. The problem was thatprograms were becoming too complicated to des ign, write, and manage to keep up with the capabilities of compu ters. It was around this time that a design concept based on Sim ula 67 and Smalltalk （f

4、rom the late 1960s） moved programming to the next evolutionary step. This was the period when object-or iented programming （OOP）, and with it a new programming lang uage called C+, took programmers by storm.#In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey enhanced the C programming lan

5、guage to include object-oriented features. He called the language C+. （The + is the increment al operator in the C programming language.） C+ is truly an en hancement of the C programming language, and it began as a pr eprocessor language that was translated into C syntax before the program was proce

6、ssed by the compiler.#Stroustrup built on the concept of a class （taken from Simula 67 and Smalltalk）, from which instances of objects are created. A cl ass contains data members and member functions that define an objects data and functionality. He also introduced the concept of inheritance, which

7、enabled a class to inherit some or all data me mbers and member functions from one or more other classesall of which complements the concepts of object-oriented programmi ng.#By 1988, ANSI officials standardized Stroustrups C+ specific ation.#l#2 Enter Java#Just as C+ was becoming the language of ch

8、oice for buildin g industrial-strength applications, another growth spurt in the evo lution of programming language was budding, fertilized by the lat est disruptive technologythe World Wide Web. The Internet had been a well-kept secret for decades before the National Science F oundation （who oversa

9、w the Internet） removed barriers that prev ented commercialization. Until 1991 when it was opened to com merce, the Internet was the almost exclusive domain of governm ent agencies and the academic community. Once the barrier to c ommercialization was lifted, the World Wide Webone of several service

10、s offered on the Internet became a virtual community ce nter where visitors could get free information about practically an ything and browse through thousands of virtual stores.#Browsers power the World Wide Web.A browser translates AS CII text files written in HTML into an interactive display that

11、 can be interpreted on any machine. As long as the browser is compat ible with the correct version of HTML and HTTP implementation, any computer running the browser can use the same HTML docu ment without having to modify it for a particular type of compute r, which was something unheard of at the t

12、ime. Programs written in C or C+ are machine dependent and cannot run on a differe nt#machine unless the program is recompiled.#The success of the Internet gave renewed focus to developin g a machine-independent programming language. And the same year the Internet was commercialized, five technologi

13、sts at Sun Microsystems set out to do just that. James Gosling, Patrick Nau ghton, ChrisWarth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan spent 18 months developing the programming language they called Oak, which wa s renamed Java when this new language made its debut in 1995. Java went through numerous iterations

14、 between 1991 and 1995, during which time many other technologists at Sun made substan tial contributions to the language. These included Bill Joy, Arthur van Hoff, Jonathan Payne, Frank Yelin, and Tim Lindholm.#Although Java is closely associated with the Internet, it was d eveloped as a language f

15、or programming software that could be embedded into electronic devices regardless of the type of CPU u#sed by the device. This is known as the EmbeddedJava platform and is in continuous use today for closed systems.#The Java team from Sun succeeded in creating a portable pro gramming language, somet

16、hing that had eluded programmers sin ce computers were first programmed. Their success, however, wa s far beyond their wildest dreams. The same concept used to ma ke Java programs portable to electronic devices also could be use d to make Java programs run on computers running Microsoft Wi ndows, UNIX, and Macintosh. Timing was perfect. The Internet/in tranet had whetted corporate Americas appetite for cost-effective, port