经济学专业英语第12章 The Costs of ProductionPPT文件格式下载.pptx

1、How are they related?What are the various costs,and how are they related to each other and to output?How are costs different in the short run vs.the long run?What are“economies of scale”?,7,本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：,什么是生产函数？什么是边际产量？它们之间有什 么关系？可变成本有哪些？可变成本之间有什么样的联系以 及它们与产出又有什么关系？短期成本与长期成本之间有什么不同？什么是规模经济？,8,Max

2、 Homemade Factory,Two broke girls,The profit of Max Homemade Factory?The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output（cupcakes）is called its total revenue.The amount that the firm pays to buy inputs（flour,sugar,workers,ovens,etc.）is called its total cost.Then,Max and Caroline gets to kee

3、p any revenue that is not needed to cover costs.We define profit as a firms total revenue minus its total cost.That is,Profit=Total revenue-Total cost.,Total Revenue,Total Cost and Profit,To see how a firm goes about maximizing profit,we must consider fully how to measure its total revenue and its t

4、otal cost.Total revenue is the easy part:It equals the quantity of output the firm produces times the price at which it sells its output.If Max produces 10,000 cupcakes and sells them at$2 a cupcakes,her total revenue is$20,000.By contrast,the measurement of a firms total cost is more subtle.,Total

5、Revenue,Total Cost and Profit,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,12,Total Revenue,Total Cost,Profit,We assume that the firms goal is to maximize profit.Profit=Total revenueTotal cost,the amount a firm receives from the sale of its output,the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production,THE COSTS OF PRO

6、DUCTION,13,总收益，总成本，利润,我们假定企业的目标是利润最大化利润=总收益总成本,企业出售其 产品所得到 的货币量,企业用于生 产的投入品 的市场价值,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,14,Costs:Explicit vs.Implicit,Explicit costs require an outlay of money,e.g.,paying wages to workers.Implicit costs do not require a cash outlay,e.g.,the opportunity cost of the owners time.Reme

7、mber one of the Ten Principles:The cost of something is what you give up to get it.This is true whether the costs are implicit or explicit.Both matter for firms decisions.,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,15,显性成本与隐性成本,显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本 例如：支付给工人的工资隐性成本：不需要企业支付货币的投入成本例如：企业所有者时间的机会成本记住经济学的十大原理之一：某种东西的成本是你为了得到它

8、所放弃的东西无论对于显性成本还是隐性成本，这都是正确的。两者对于企业决策都是重要的,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,16,Explicit vs.Implicit Costs:An Example,You need$100,000 to start your business.The interest rate is 5%.Case 1:borrow$100,000explicit cost=$5000 interest on loanCase 2:use$40,000 of your savings,borrow the other$60,000explicit cost=$

9、3000（5%）interest on the loanimplicit cost=$2000（5%）foregone interest you could have earned on your$40,000.,In both cases,total（exp+imp）costs are$5000.,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,17,显性成本与隐性成本：一个例子,你需要$100,000 开始你的业务。利率为 5%.情形 1：借$100,000显性成本=$5000借款利息情形 2:使用$40,000储蓄，并借$60,000显性成本=$3000（5%）借款利息隐性成本=$200

10、0（5%）损失了你原本可以获得的$40,000 的 利息,在两种情形中，总成本（显性+隐性）都是$5000,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,18,Economic Profitvs.Accounting Profit,Accounting profit=total revenue minus total explicit costsEconomic profit=total revenue minus total costs（including explicit and implicit costs）Accounting profit ignores implicit cost

11、s,so its higher than economic profit.,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,19,经济利润与会计利润,会计利润=总收益-总显性成本经济利润=总收益-总成本（包括显性成本与隐性成 本）会计利润没有考虑隐性成本，因此会计利润要大 于经济利润,A C T I V EL E A R N I N G2Economic profit vs.accounting profit,The equilibrium rent on office space has just increased by$500/month.Compare the effects on a

12、ccounting profit and economic profit ifyou rent your office spaceyou own your office space,20,办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/每月在以下情形下，比较对会计利润与经济利润的影响：你租用办公室你自己拥有办公室,主动学习2,经济利润与会计利润,21,A C T I V EL E A R N I N G2Answers,The rent on office space increases$500/month.You rent your office space.Explicit costs increase$

13、500/month.Accounting profit&economic profit each fall$500/month.You own your office space.Explicit costs do not change,so accounting profit does not change.Implicit costs increase$500/month（opp.cost of using your space instead of renting it）,so economic profit falls by$500/month.,22,办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/

14、每月你租用办公室显性成本增加了$500/每月。会计利润与经济利润都减少了$500/每月你自己拥有办公室显性成本没有变化，因此会计利润也不会变。隐性成本增 加了$500/每月（使用你办公室的机会成本是租用它的价 格），因此经济利润减少了$500/每月,主动学习2参考答案,23,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,24,The Production Function,A production function shows the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to produce a good and the quantity of output of that good.It can be represented by a table,equation,or graph.Example 1:Farmer Jack grows wheat.He has 5 acres of land.He can hire as many workers as he wants.,THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION,25,生产函数,生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品 产量之间的关系它能用表格，方程式或者图形来表示 例 1:农民Jack 种植小麦他有5英亩的土地他可以雇佣任意数量的