二语习得理论PPT课件PPT文件格式下载.ppt

1、L2,A child or adult learning a second language is different from a child acquiring a first language in terms of both1）learner characteristicsand2）learning conditions,2022/10/5Fall 2003,3/38,Differences in Learning L1&L2,Learner Characteristics1.Knowledge of another language2.Cognitive maturity3.Meta

2、linguistic awareness4.Knowledge of the world5.Nervousness about speaking,2022/10/5Fall 2003,4/38,Differences in Learning L1&L2,Learning Conditions6.Freedom to be silent7.Ample time&contact8.Corrective feedback:（form）grammar and pronunciation9.Corrective feedback:（meaning）word choice10.Modified input

3、,2022/10/5Fall 2003,5/38,Differences in Learning L1&L2,Summary:SLA（Second Language Acquisition）theories need to account for language acquisition by learners with a variety of characteristics and learning in a variety of contexts.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,6/38,Theoretical Approaches to Language Acquisition

4、,2022/10/5Fall 2003,7/38,Behaviorism,Skinner:language behavior is the production of correct responses to stimuli through reinforcement.Four characteristics of behaviorism:1）imitation,2）practice,3）reinforcement,and 4）habit information Lado（1964）:CAA person learning an L2 starts off with the habits fo

5、rmed in the L1 and these habits interfere with the new ones needed for the L2.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,8/38,American Structurism and Behaviorism,Dominant theories in linguistics and psychology within the USA throughout the 1940s and 1950s.Its psychological base is behaviorism and linguistic base is struc

6、turalism.The goal of CA:to discover the problems that foreign language students would encounter in the learning process.And to increase the efficiency in L2 teaching and testing.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,9/38,Negative Transfer,Lado proclaimed that most of the difficulties originated from the differences b

7、etween L1 and L2.He believed that the more different the two languages are,the more difficult learning would be,and by knowing this,we could predict what errors would appear.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,10/38,a strong and a weak form of CA,Lado and his followers even provided the degree of differences betwee

8、n two languages.There existed a strong and a weak form of Contrastive Analysis（Wardhaugh 1970）.The strong form claims that all L2 errors can be predicated by identifying the differences between the target language and the learners L1.The weak form of the hypothesis claims to be diagnostic.（To check

9、where could be erroneous）.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,11/38,Contrastive Analysis（CA）,Contrastive Analysis was rooted in the practical need to teach a L2 in the most effective way possible.Its psychological base is behaviorism and linguistic base is structuralism.Robert Lado:advocated the approach of Contras

10、tive Analysis in his first Book,Linguistics Across Culture（1957）,2022/10/5Fall 2003,12/38,Behaviorism,Behaviorism was often linked to the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis（CAH）:It predicts that where there are similarities between the L1 and the target language,the learner will acquire target-language

11、 structures with ease;where there are differences,the learner will have difficulty.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,13/38,More Definition of CA,CA:is an approach to the study of SLA which involve predicting and explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differenc

12、es.It was heavily influenced by theories which is dominant in linguistics and psychology within the USA throughout the 1940s and 1950s.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,14/38,Behaviorism,Criticisms about the CAH:Though a learners L1 influences the acquisition of an L2,Not all errors predicted by the CAH are actua

13、lly made.Many of the errors which learners make are not predictable on the basis of the CAH.Some errors are similar across learners from a variety of L1 backgrounds.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,15/38,Behaviorism,Summary:The L1 influence may not simply be a matter of the transfer of habits,but a more subtle a

14、nd complex process of identifying points of similarity,weighing the evidence in support of some particular feature,and even reflecting about whether a certain feature seems to belong in the structure of the L2.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,16/38,Innatism,Competence vs.Performance Universal Grammar（UG）in relat

15、ion to second language developmentKrashens“monitor model”,2022/10/5Fall 2003,17/38,Innatism:Competence vs.Performance语言能力对语言运用,Competence语言能力:It refers to the knowledge which underlies our ability to use language.Performance语言运用:It refers to the way a person actually uses language in listening,speaking,reading,and writing.Performance is subject to variations due to inattention or fatigue whereas competence（at least for the mature native speaker）is more stable.,2022/10/5Fall 2003,18/38,Innatism:Competence vs.Performance,SLA（second language acquisition）researc