语言学知识板块及考点总结Word格式.docx

1、（4）coarticulation is the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.（5）phonetics transcription: 1. when we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation, it is called narrow transcripti

2、on. 2. when we use a set of simple symbols in our transcription, trying to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguish one word from another in a given language, it is called broad transcription. （6）RP: short for received pronunciation, the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of

3、England, It has been the accent of those with power, money and influence since the early to mid 20th century.2 phonology（1） phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.（2） Phones are the smallest perceptible segment of sounds in a stream of speech.（3） pho

4、neme is an abstract collection of phonetics features which can distinguish meaning.（4） minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two sound segments are called a minimal pair. （5） allophones: the different realizat

5、ions of the same phoneme in different phonetics environments are called allophones. 1. complementary distribution: when two or more than two allophones of the same phonemes do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments.2. free variation: if the substitution of one sound doe

6、s not generate a new word but merely a different sound of the same word, the two sounds can be seen as in free variation. （6） pitch: different frequencies produced by different rates of vibration in sound production.（7） stress: it refers to the degree of force in producing a syllable.（8） intonation：

7、it involves the occurrence of recurring falling-raising patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either. （English is a stress-timed language.）（9） tone: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rate of variation of the vocal cords.（10） assimil

8、ation: the assimilation rule assimilate one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.1. palatalization: a process by which an originally alveolar sound is moved backward to the palatal area.（e.g. did you /di ju:/did3u:/）2. voice assimilation:

9、a sound changes to be like its pronunciation to be like its neighbors in terms of being voiced or voiceless. （e.g. metalmeddle）3. place assimilation: assimilation that affects place of articulation（e.g. green park）4. elision: it refers to the process by which some sounds may simply left out in rapid

10、 speech.（e.g. /t/ in that person）5. liaison:连音，the pronunciation of an otherwise absent consonant sound at the end of the first of two consecutive words the second of which begins with a vowel sound and follows without pause （11）different sound pattern:1. alliteration （Cvc）: the initial consonants a

11、re identical2. assonance （cVc）: syllables with the same vowel3. consonance （cvC）: syllables ending with the same consonant4. reverse rhyme （CVc）: syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant.5. pararhyme （CvC）: syllables having the same initial and final consonants3 grammar（U3，U4 of 陈；C2 of 丁）

12、lexicon （1） morpheme: the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller unit without destroying or dramatically altering its meaning. （2） free morpheme: may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorrphemes are free morphemes and polymorphemic words, w

13、hich consist of wholly free morphemes, are compound. （3） bound morpheme: cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme to form a word. （4） root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. it is either a free morpheme or bound morphem

14、e. （5） affix: is a collection of the type of morphemes which can be used only when added to another morpheme, so affix is naturally bound. （6） stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. （7） inflectional affix：do not change the category of the word but only add a grammatical meaning to the stem （8） derivational affix：change lexical meaning and the word class （9） acronym: is made up from the first letter of the name of an organization, which has a heavil