最新高考新课标理综卷化学试题分析优秀名师资料.docx

1、最新高考新课标理综卷化学试题分析优秀名师资料2010年高考新课标理综卷化学试题分析一、总体评价 试题内容符合2010年考试大纲和考试说明的要求，覆盖面较广，考查内容为学科的主干知识和核心内容。试题注重对基础知识和基本能力的考查，对考生运用所学知识分析、解决实际问题的能力和探究能力也进行了较好的考察。题目语言表述严谨、设问合理。试题和参考答案科学、规范，评分参考可操作性强，有利于控制评分误差。 二、试题特点 今年化学试题与前两年相比稳中有“变”，从整体上看，难度略有所下降，更加贴近课本、贴近学生。试题在考查基础知识和基本技能的同时，重视对能力的考查，具有创新精神，有利于高校选拔合格人才，有利于中

2、学实施素质教育。其特点主要表现在以下几个方面: 1、不偏不怪，熟“面孔”多，学生入题容易。这一点主要表现在?卷必考题上，如26题中铜与浓硫酸的反应，二氧化硫转化为三氧化硫的平衡问题;27题中二氧化硫的制备和性质检验;28题氢气的实验室制备中CuSO的作用原理等。 42、变换方式，考查常见重点、热点知识。如选择题8、9题有机物同分异构体和反应类型的考查;11将过去定性考查的弱电解质电离吸热问题与盖斯定律结合起来，进行定量考查;12题将原电池原理与微题粒氧化性比较结合进行考查;26题在物质推断题中加入电解法精炼铜、化学平衡的计算和移动。 3、突出新课程理念，对学生的能力进行多方位考查。如27、28

3、题考查学生对实验现象的描述、解释，并进行实验设计，同时考查学生探究实验的能力。 4、巧设陷阱，考查学生的审题能力。如10题中将溶液分为5等份，但只取两份进行实验，对学生的计算进行干扰;26题最后一问将化学平衡的定性判断和定量计算结合进行考查，学生往往只进行定性判断，导致结果出错;28题学生只有看清“获得相同体积的氢气”，再想到“硫酸浓度不变”才能对最后一步第一问作出正确解答。 三、逐题分析 (一)必考题 7(下列各项表达中正确的是( ) A(NaO的电子式为 22B(106g的乙醇和丙醇混合液完全燃烧生成的CO为112L(标准状况) 2C(在氮原子中，质子数为7而中子数不一定为7 -D(Cl的

4、结构示意图为 答案C 解析本题综合性强,考点属于化学基本概念.既考查了重要化学用语电子式、微粒结构示意图、原子组should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanc

5、tions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of

6、 responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2

7、GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel

8、welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded

9、plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installati

10、on 成符号和同位素的概念，同时也考查了Vm的概念、混合的法则和守恒思想。B选项干扰性较强，它成立的前提是乙醇和丙醇按1?1的物质的量比混合。 8(分子式为CHCl的同分异构体共有(不考虑立体异构)( ) 362A(3种 B(4种 C(5种 D(6种 答案B 解析考查同分异构体的书写。CHCHCH的氢原子环境有两种，由此可知二氯取代发生在同一碳原子上323和不同谈原子上的异构体各有2种，即2+2=4 9(下列各组中的反应，属于同一反应类型的是( ) A(由溴丙烷水解制丙醇;由丙烯与水反应制丙醇 B(由甲苯硝化制对硝基甲苯;由甲苯氧化制苯甲酸 C(由氯代环己烷消去制环己烯;由丙烯加溴制1,2二溴

11、丙烷 D(由乙酸和乙醇制乙酸乙酯;由苯甲酸乙酯水解制苯甲酸和乙醇 答案D 解析考查有机化学基本反应类型取代、加成、氧化、消去。A项前者为取代反应，后者为加成反应;B项前者为取代反应，后者为氧化反应;C项前者为消去反应，后者为加成反应;D项前者为酯化反应，后者为水解反应，均属于取代反应。 10(把500mL含有BaCl和KCl的混合溶液分成5等分，取一份加入含a mol硫酸钠的溶液，恰好使钡离2子完全沉淀;另取一份加入含b mol硝酸银的溶液，恰好使氯离子完全沉淀。则该混合溶液中钾离子浓度为( ) A( 0.1(b,2a)mol/ L B( 10(2a,b)mol/LC( 10(b,a)mol/

12、 LD( 10(b,2a)mol/L答案D 解析本题属于无机综合计算，着重考查了守恒思想(电荷守恒)和物质的量浓度计算。一份溶液中 +-1n(K)=(b-2a)mol，故c(K)= n/V =(b-2a)/0.1 = 10(b-2a)mol?L。 11(已知:HCN(aq)与NaOH(aq)反应的H = -12.1kJ /mol;HCl(aq)与NaOH(aq)反应的H = -55.6kJ/ ,mol。则HCN在水溶液中电离的H等于( ) A(-67.7 kJ /mol B(-43.5kJ /molC(+43.5 kJ/ molD(+67.7 kJ/ mol答案C 解析考查了盖斯定律的应用和中

13、和热的概念. 12(根据右图可判断下列离子方程式中错误的是( ) 2+A(2Ag(s)+Cd(aq)=2Ag(aq)+Cd(s) should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 econ

14、omic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as th

15、e case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rat

16、ing of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperatu

17、re steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test o

18、f welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment i

19、nstallation 2+2+B(Co(aq)+Cd(s)=Co(s)+Cd(aq) +2+C(2Ag(aq)+Cd(s)=2Ag(s)+Cd(aq) +2+D(2Ag(aq)+Co(s)=2Ag(s)+Co(aq) 答案A 解析考查了原电池的概念、化学反应强弱规律和离子方程式的书写，命题角度新。 13(下表中评价合理的是( ) 选项 化学反应及其离子方程式 评价 +3+A FeO与稀硝酸反应:2FeO+18H=6Fe+H?+8HO 正确 343422错误，碳酸镁不应写成离子+2-B 向碳酸镁中加入稀盐酸:CO+2H=?+HO 3CO22形式 2+2-C 向硫酸铵溶液中加入氢氧化钡溶液:Ba

20、+SO=BaSO? 正确 442+FeBr溶液与等物质的量的Cl反应: 与Br的化学计量错误，Fe22D 2+-3+-2Fe+2Br+2Cl=2Fe+4Cl+Br 数之比应为1:2 22答案B +-解析考查离子方程式正误判定，呈现方式新颖。A项违反化学事实，起氧化作用的是NO而不是H;B 3项正确;C项中复杂离子方程式只写了一半，错误;D项离子方程式正确，考虑到了反应强弱规律和电子转移守恒，评价错。 26(14分)物质A,G有下图所示转化关系(部分反应物、生成物没有列出)。其中A为某金属矿的主要成分，经过一系列反应可得到B和C。单质C可与E的浓溶液发生反应，G为砖红色沉淀。 请回答下列问题:

21、(1)写出下列物质的化学式:B_、E_、G_; (2)利用电解可提纯C物质，在该电解反应中阳极物质是_，阴极物质是_，电解质溶液是_; (3)反应?的化学方程式是_; (4)将0.23molB和0.11mol氧气放入容积为1L的密闭容器中，发生反应?，在一定温度下，反应达到平衡，得到0.12molD，则反应的平衡常数K=_。若温度不变，再加入0.50mol氧气后重新达到平衡，则B的平衡浓度_(填“增大”、“不变”或“减小”)，氧气的转化率_(填“升高”、“不变”或“降低”)，D的体积分数_(填“增大”、“不变”或“减小”). 答案(1)SO HSO CuO 2 24 2(2)粗铜 精铜 CuS

22、O溶液 4should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, re

23、ported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team

24、 injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic

25、 inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T

26、4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation enginee

27、ring 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation ,(3) Cu+2HSO(浓)CuSO+SO?+2HO 24422-1(4)23.8 mol?L

28、 减小 降低 减小 解析以无机框图推断为载体，综合考查浓硫酸的强氧化性、铜的电解精炼和化学平衡相关知识，难度适中。 (1)根据已知条件走通转化关系图: A B C D E F G (CuS) SO Cu SO HSO CuSO CuO 223244 2按题目要求在指定位置写出B、E、G的化学式。 (2)电解法精炼铜时，粗铜作阳极，精铜作阴极，电解质溶液为CuSO(aq)。 4(3)该反应中浓硫酸表现了酸性和强氧化性。 (4) mol/L SO(g) + O(g) SO(g) 223起 0.23 0.11 0 变 0.12 0.06 0.12 平 0.11 0.05 0.12 22SO0.12,

29、13 ? K,23.80mol,L22SO,O0.11，0.0522温度不变，再加入0.50mol O，平衡右移，重新达到平衡后，SO减小，(SO)升高，22平2但(O)反而降低，由于机械作用强于平衡移动，故SO体积分数减小。 22(15分)某化学兴趣小组为探究SO27的性质，按下图所示装置进行实验。 2请回答下列问题: (1)装置A中盛放亚硫酸钠的仪器名称是_ ，其中发生反应的化学方程式为_; (2)实验过程中，装置B、C中发生的现象分别是_、_，这些现象分别说明SO具有的2性质是_和_;装置B中发生反应的离子方程式为_ ; (3)装置D的目的是探究SO与品红作用的可逆性，请写出实验操作及现

30、象_; 2(4)尾气可采用_溶液吸收。 答案(1)蒸馏烧瓶 NaSO+HSO(浓)=NaSO+SO?+HO 23242422should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economi

31、c sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and spe