高中英语语法30讲第29讲主谓一致.docx

1、高中英语语法30讲第29讲主谓一致主谓一致在英语表达中，句子中的谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，我们称之为“主谓一致”。要做到主谓一致，除了要考虑句中主语的人称和数的变化外，还要考虑到谓语动词的时态和语态的变化。在这一章中，以主语的变化为主导，引出谓语的可归纳性变化。主要从并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致和单一主语情况下对谓语的要求，以及其他一些特殊情况下的主谓一致三部分讲解。典型例句：1.Either he or I am wrong.不是他错了，就是我错了。2.The singer and dancer comes from Shanghai.那位歌舞演员来自上海。3.A number

2、of students like playing football.许多学生喜欢踢足球。一、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致1.由and连接主语时由and连接的两个或多个单数可数名词、不可数名词或者代词作主语时，要根据并列主语所表达的意义或概念来确定谓语动词的单复数形式，可以分为下列几种情况。A.并列主语表示不同的人、物或概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students.李明和张华是好学生。Like many others,the little tramp and the naughty boy have rushed there is se

3、arch of gold.像许多其他人一样，这个小流浪汉和这个顽皮的小男孩儿也赶到那儿去寻找金子。Both rice and wheat are grown in this area.这个地区种植大米和小麦。（切记：both.and.结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。）B.并列主语表示同一个人、物或概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.那位教授兼作家正在会上发言。A journalist and author lives on the sixth floor.一位新闻记者兼作家住在6楼。His law

4、yer and former college friend was with him on his trip to Europe.他的律师他大学时代的朋友陪伴他去欧洲旅行。The Premier and Foreign Minister was present at the state banquet.总理兼外长出席了国宴。注意：指同一个人或物时，并列主语前只能用一个冠词；如果指不同的人或物时，各个并列主语前需要分别加冠词。但是当作并列主语的两个名词具有对立的意思时，主语前用一个冠词不会使人产生误解。The Premier and the Foreign Minister are presen

5、t at the state banquet.总理和外长都出席了国宴。A boy and girl are playing tennis.一个男孩和一个女孩在一起打网球。C.并列主语前有each，every，many a，no等修饰语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Each doctor and (each) nurse working in the hospital was asked to help patients.在这家医院工作的每一位医生和护士都要为病人提供帮助。Every man,woman and child is entitled to take part in the activit

6、y.男人、女人和孩子都有权参与这项活动。Every boy and (every) girl admires him for his fine sense of humour.所有的男孩和女孩都羡慕他那极好的幽默感。Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.许多男孩和女孩都犯了同样的错误。说明：many a.跟单数可数名词，谓语动词也用单数形式，但表示复数意义，意为“许多”。Many a student was disappointed after seeing the movie.许多学生看完这部电影之后都很失望。No bo

7、y and no girl is there now.现在没有任何男孩或女孩在那儿。D.并列主语作为不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.（视“法规”为一个整体）一项关于环保的法规已经制定出来了。The knife and fork has been washed.（视“刀叉”为一个整体）刀叉已经洗好了。War and peace is a constant theme in history.（视“战争与和平”为一个整体）战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。必背：常被视为一个整体的

8、“A and B”结构a cup and saucer一副杯碟a horse and cart马车a knife and fork一副刀叉a law and rule法规a needle and thread一套针线fish and chips炸鱼加炸薯条2.由（either）.or或neither.nor等连接主语时由either.or，neither.nor，or，not only.but (also).连接主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式采取就近一致原则，即与最靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致。A or B（A或B）谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的主语保持一致，在陈述句中与B保持一致，在疑问句中与

9、A保持一致。Either A or B（不是A就是B）Neither A nor B（A和B都不）Not only A but also B（不仅A而且B）Either you or Jane is to be sent to New York.要么你，要么简将被派往纽约。Neither you nor he has finished the experiment.你和他都没有完成实验。重要：在口语中，neither.nor连接的句子中的谓语动词也可用复数形式。这句话也可以说成：Neither you nor he have finished the experiment.Neither th

10、e teacher nor the students like this piece of music.老师和学生都不喜欢这首曲子。Not only the old farmer but also his family were friendly to me.不仅是这位老农夫，连他的家人都待我很好。Not only his friends but also he himself is looking forward to taking part in the party.不仅是他的朋友，连他自己也盼着参加这场聚会。二、单一主语的主谓一致1.以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时A.有些表示学科名称的词，

11、例如physics（物理），mathematics/maths（数学），economics（经济学），politics（政治学）等一般被看作形式是复数、意思是单数的词。它们作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。As we know,Physics is a fundamental subject in science.我们大家都知道，物理学是自然科学中的一门基础学科。Mathematics is a required course for middle school students.数学是中学生的一门必修课。重要：当mathematics表示“运算，计算”时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。If my

12、mathematics is/are right,the answer is 56.如果我的运算正确，答案就是56。Einstein once said,“Politics is much more difficult than physics.”爱因斯坦曾说：“政治比物理更难。”补充：news（新闻），gymnastics（体操）等作主语时，谓语通常也要用单数形式。The television news is at 7 oclock in the evening every day.每天晚上7点钟有电视新闻。Gymnastics is my sisters favourite sport.体

13、操是我妹妹最喜欢的运动。B.有些名词如means（方法），works（工厂），crossroads（十字路口）等的单复数同形，因此需要根据其表达的是单数概念还是复数概念来确定谓语动词的单、复数。The works was built in 1982.这座工厂是1982年建立的。By far,three steelworks have been closed down in this city.目前为止，这座城市已有3家炼钢厂关闭了。This means of transport has been tried.这种运输方式已经尝试过了。All possible means have been t

14、ired.所有可能的方法都试过了。补充：deer（鹿）和sheep（羊）也是单复数同形的名词，因此当它们作主语时，要根据其所表达的意义的单复数来确定谓语动词的单数、复数。C.由两部分组成的物体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。chopsticks筷子compasses圆规glasses眼镜gloves手套jeans牛仔裤pants裤子（美国英语）scissors剪子shoes鞋shorts短裤socks短袜trousers裤子，长裤（英国英语）My trousers are white and his clothes are black.我的裤子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。Why are yo

15、ur shoes so dirty?你的鞋怎么这么脏？注意：如果这些词由单位词（pair，suit，piece，kind等）修饰时，则单位词的单、复数决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.那个抽屉里有一把剪刀。These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.今夏很流行这些款式的眼镜。D.表示国名、人名、书名、组织机构等的专有名词作主语时，即使形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数形式。The United States is a developed country.美国是一个发达

16、国家。The New York Times is widely read in the world.纽约晚报在世界上被广泛阅读。E.以-s结尾的表示群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plants.喜马拉雅山脉上的植物种类繁多。The Niagara Falls are splendid waterfalls.尼亚加拉大瀑布是美丽的瀑布。切记：以下是一些以-s结尾的名词，它们作主语时，谓语用复数形式。belongings财产clothes衣服earnings收入goods货物le

17、avings剩余savings储蓄All the goods are very expensive.所有的货物都很贵。2.集体名词作主语时A.mankind，humanity，man作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Only man knows how to cook.只有人类懂得烹饪。B.people，police，cattle，youth等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The police are investigating the riot.警察在调查这起暴乱事件。The cattle are grazing in the field.牛（群）正在牧场吃草。C.family，crowd等

18、作主语时，需根据情况确定谓语动词的单复数。集体名词army，assembly，audience，band，club，committee，company，congress，crew，crowd，enemy，family，gang，government，group，herd，jury，population，public，team等作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。The family is going to move to New York.（强调整体）这一家要搬到纽约去。The family have different opinions about th

19、eir going abroad.（强调家庭成员）这一家人对搬往国外持有不同的看法。The football club committee arranges all the matches.（强调整体）足球俱乐部委员会安排了所有的比赛。The football club committee have decided to dismiss him.（强调委员会成员）足球俱乐部委员会决定解雇他。比较：a family，group，class作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。families，groups，classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A group is coming to the zo

20、o.一队人正朝动物园走来。3.非谓语动词形式或从句作主语时A.非谓语动词形式或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。To improve agricultural land needs a lot of money.（不定式作主语）改善耕地质量需投入大量资金。To see is to believe.（不定式作主语）百闻不如一见。Swimming is a good way to keep health.（动词-ing形式作主语）游泳是个健身的好方法。How they will solve the problem remains to be seen.（从句作主语）他们怎样解决这个问题还需拭目

21、以待。Whether she will come is not known.（从句作主语）她是否回来尚不得知。B.多个非谓语动词或从句作主语时，如果表达的是一个概念，谓语动词就用单数形式；如果表达的是不同的概念，谓语动词就用复数形式。Going to bed early and getting up early is good for your health.（表达一个概念）早睡早起有益于身体健康。Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure.（表达两个概念）读书、打乒乓球是我最大的快乐。Listening,speak

22、ing,reading and writing are all important.（表达四个概念）听、说、读、写都很重要。To be strict with oneself and to be kind to others are good qualities of a person.（表达两个概念）严于律己和宽厚待人都是良好的品德。三、其他情况的主谓一致1.表示距离等的复数名词作主语时表示距离、时间、长度、金额、质量等的复数名词作主语时，常被看作整体，谓语动词通常用单数形式。这类复数名词有：miles，dollars，pounds，kilograms，kilometres，centimet

23、res，millimetres，seconds，hours，years等。Five dollars seems a fair price.5美元是个公道的价格。Two kilometres is not very far for the young man.对这位年轻人来说，两千米不算远。Five hours is a short time for such a difficult job.要完成如此艰难的动作，5个小时太短了。重要：算式中的谓语动词一般用单数形式，有时也可以用复数形式。Five times eight is/are forty.5乘以8等于40。Four and eight

24、makes/make twelve.4加8等于12。Sixty minus seven leaves fifty-three.60减7等于53。Forty-eight divided by six is eight.48除以6等于8。如果强调数目，谓语动词用复数。One hundred cents make a dollar.100美分就是一美元。More than twenty years have passed since they got married.他们夫妻已经共同走过了20多年。2.everyone等不定代词作主语时everyone，something等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词

25、用单数形式。这类不定代词有：Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.听到这则消息，班里每一个人都震惊了。Listen!Someone is knocking at the door.听！有人在敲门。Is anyone going to tell him the news?有谁打算告诉他这则消息吗？3.(each) one of.结构作主语时each one of.，every one of.，anyone of.等结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，可归纳为：one+of+复数名词+谓语动词的单数形式eachevery oneeach on

26、eanyone说明：of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，而of前面的one，every one等才是主语，因此谓语动词用单数形式。Each of the girl in our class has a balloon.我们班的每个女孩都有一个气球。Each of the students was asked to speak for three minutes.每个学生都要作3分钟的发言。Every one of them is familiar to me.我对他们都很熟悉。重要：each和every修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；但each作复数主语的同位语时，谓语动词用复数形式

27、。Each/Every boy in our class has a skateboard.我们班的每个男孩都有一副滑板。They each have a skateboard.他们每个人都有一副滑板。Each/Every student has an English-Chinese dictionary.每个学生都有一本英汉词典。The students each have an English-Chinese dictionary.学生每人都有一本英汉词典。4.none of.结构作主语时none+of+不可数名词+谓语动词的单数形式none+of+可数名词复数/复数代词+谓语动词的单数形

28、式或复数形式neithereitherNone of that money in the desk is his.（不可数名词）书桌里的那笔钱不是他的。None of his classmates knows the truth.（可数名词）=None of his classmates know the truth.他的同学们都不知道真相。None of the boys here likes dancing.=None of the boys here like dancing.这儿的男孩们都不喜欢跳舞。Neither of the statements is true.=Neither

29、of the statements are true.两种说法中没有一种是真实的。Either of the qualifications is acceptable.=Either of the qualifications are acceptable.=Either qualification is acceptable.两种资格证明之中的任何一种都可以接受。切记：neither或either作形容词与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。5.分数/百分数+of.结构作主语时分数/百分数+of+复数名词/复数代词+谓语动词的复数形式分数/百分数+of+单数名词/单数代词+谓语动词的单数形式不可数

30、名词Two thirds of the students support the plan.三分之二的学生支持这项计划。One tenth of them are suffering from this kind of illness.他们之中有十分之一的人正遭受着这种疾病的折磨。Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面四分之三是海洋。Eighty percent of the employees in the company are from Beijing.这个公司80%的员工是北京人。Thirty percent of i

31、ts area is flooded each year.全国30%的地区年年遭受洪灾。6.more (.) than one.结构作主语时more (.) than one+单数名词+谓语动词的单数形式more+复数名词+than one+谓语动词的复数形式more than two+复数名词+谓语动词的复数形式More than one white rose has bloomed in the garden.=More white roses than one have bloomed in the garden.花园里不止一朵白玫瑰开花了。More than two white roses have bloomed.已经有两朵以上的白玫瑰开花了。7.a/the number of.结构作主语时a number of+复数名词+谓语动词的复数形式the number of+复数名词+谓语动词的单数形式A number of trees are green in Ap