可编辑打印牛津上海版英语九年级上册全书语法知识汇总doc.docx

1、可编辑打印牛津上海版英语九年级上册全书语法知识汇总docG9 GRAMMAR现在完成时I. 现在完成时的概念。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 Weve known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。） I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. II. 构成：”助动词have, has + 过去分词”现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以w

2、ork为例）：人称肯定否定疑问回答第一人称I have seen the UFO.We have travelled around the world.I havent seen the UFO.We havent travelled around the world.Have you seen the UFO?Have you travelled around the world?Yes, I have./ No, I havent.Yes, we have./ No, we havent.第二人称You have been to England.You havent been to Eng

3、land.Have you been to England?Yes, I/we have. No, I /we havent.第三人称He/She has been to Beijing.They have given concerts all over the world.He/ She hasnt been to Beijing.They havent given concerts all over the world. Has he/ she been to Beijing?Have they given concerts all over the world?Yes, he/she h

4、as.No, he/she hasnt.Yes, they have.No, they havent.注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。练. 把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。1. I have done my homework.否定句：_一般疑问句：_回答：_2. The plane has arrived.否定句：_一般疑问句：_回答：_III. 现在完成时用法归纳1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词) 如： The plane has arrived.常用的时间状语和副词：alr

5、eady (已经) 用于肯定句中，位置比较灵活，但通常放在have/ has 与过去分词之间如： I have already done my homework.yet (还，仍然，已经) 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)_ever (曾经)，句中，多用于疑问句如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?never (从不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，独立用；just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用

6、在助动词和过去分词之间。如：I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如： Have you seen her these days? 译： _Have you been to the library today? 译：_Have you read the book recently? 译：_3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：a. for + 一段时间：fo

7、r two hoursb. since + 时间点：since 1999, since last yearc. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days agod. since + 从句（用过去时）e. up to now, till now, until now, so farf. in the past two years, in the last few daysg. recently, lately如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years. His mother has worked in the shop sin

8、ce 1990. The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.注：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了！) 4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, sto

9、p, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. I have bought this book for three months. ()非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。 leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on buy- have (has) had go- be there die- have (has) d

10、ead finish- be over come (arrive)- have (has) been here borrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined been got to know known（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for”变为“数词

11、+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）如： 他参军五年了。（判断正误）He has joined the Army for five years. ( )He has been in the Army for five years. ( )He joined the Army five years ago. ( )他离开济南三年了。He has left Jinan for three years. ( )He has been away from Jinan for three years.He left Jinan three yea

12、rs ago.(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since从句”（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.= It is two years since the old man died.5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别（1）have been to 去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。（2）ha

13、s gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。翻译： 你以前去过北京吗？_ 吉姆已经去了伦敦。_格林一家在中国已经两年了。_6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：(1) 侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如： Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关) Li Lei has

14、 read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容)（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等时间状语连用。注 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行

15、者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。 一、被动语态各时态构成表TENSE主动语态被动语态一般现在时beVVsamisare+ pp一般将来时will+ Vwill be +pp 现在进行时amisare+ Vingamisare+ being+ pp一般过去时waswere Vedwaswere+ pp一般完成时havehas+ pphavehas+ been+ pp过去完成时had+ pphad+ been+ pp过去进行时waswere+ Vingwaswere being+ pp情态动词can+ V

16、can+ be+ ppOur classroom is cleaned everyday.A new shop was built last year. This book has been translated into many languages.A new hospital will be built in our city. Young trees must be watered often. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、主动句变为被动句所遵循的4

17、个步骤： 1.把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语2.把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它 的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。 4.其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。 三、不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物

18、动词；raise, seat是及物动词。(错)The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised.(对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat.(对) Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在

19、学习过程中多留意积累。2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系动词无被动语态（keep

20、除外）：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(对) She likes to swim.(错) To swim is liked by her.四、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1

21、. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years? The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do s

22、omething somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定

23、。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every d

24、ay. The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.副词副词的分类 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。1、表频率的副词常见的频率副词有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前.He always goes to school on foo

25、t. She has never been to Beijing. She is often late for work.2、表示方式的副词与方式相关的副词，这类词通常由形容词+ly转化而来。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此类副词位于动词之后，如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。The children are dancing happily. They work hard.The stud

26、ents did their homework carefully.3程度副词与程度相关的副词有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, toofor, tooto do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它们一般位于被修饰的词前面，但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。I can hardly know her name.The cake is

27、 so deliciousHe was badly hurt .He worked hard enough.4表时间、地点、方向的副词（1）与时间相关的副词有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它们通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。Theyll come back soon. He lived here ten years ago .They have finished the work

28、 already.=They have already finished the work.（2）与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out5疑问副词和关系副词（1）常用的疑问副词：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。Maybe/Perhaps he

29、 is at home. How did you go there ?When was he born ? How often do you see a movie ?How soon will your father come back?（2）关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why，how等。关系副词常用来引导从句。1. 副词的位置和排序（一）、副词的位置： 1） 在动词之前。 2） 在be动词、助动词之后。 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well. （二）、副词的排列顺序： 1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3）