翻译关于教育法解析.docx

1、翻译关于教育法解析摘要：受教育权作为公民的一项基本权利已得到各个国家的普遍认同，受教育权在很大程度上是公民生存与发展权的基础，而目前中国大量女童受教育权受损，面临失学的处境。本文将以失学女童受教育权为视角，分析消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约在我国实施面临的问题，并对解决的措施进行初步的探索。关键词：妇女歧视 失学女童 受教育权Abstract:The right to education as a fundamental right of citizen has been commonly agreed in each country.And to a great extent ,it is th

2、e foundation of the citizens survival right and development right.However,in China,a large number of girlsthe right to education has been damaged,so they are facing the situation of dropping out of school.In this article,I will analyze the problems when our country implements the CEADW and prelimina

3、rily explore the measures in the perspective of out-of-school girls right to education.Index term: discrimination againstwomen out-of-school girls the right to education受教育权既是世界人权宣言、消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约等国际法文件确认和保障的一项重要的公民权利,也是包括我国在内的大多数国家确认的宪法权利。 The right to education is both an important civil right that

4、 is confirmedandprotectedby some documentsofinternational law such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights and CEADW and a constitutional right which is confirmed by most countries including China. 女童易遭受由于其性别差异产生的歧视，在男女平等的前提下，其受教育权更应当得到重视。Girls are vulnerable to discrimination because of their gend

5、er differences, on the premise of gender equality , the right to education of girls should be attentioned more. 到目前为止,我国法学界对这方面尚缺乏较为系统深入的理论研究,司法实务界也未建立一套完善而有效的救济机制。At present,in China,our jurisprudentialcircle is still lack of a systematic and deep theoretical research about this aspect.And judicial

6、 practice also has not been established a set of perfect and effective relief mechanism. 理论研究的相对滞后和救济机制的不完善导致实践中在女童受教育权的认识上存在一定的误区,女童受教育权受到侵害时也得不到有效的保护和救济。Imperfection of theoretical researchs relative lag and relief mechanism causes some mistakes on the understanding of the girls right to education

7、 and unvalid protection and relief of the girls right to education. 一、法律概念分析TheAnalysisofLawConcepts.我国宪法规定了男女平等，但对于什么是性别歧视并未做出明确规定。In China,our constitution prescribed gender equality.But for what is gender discrimination ,it did not make a specific provision.美国著名社会学家波普诺认为“歧视是指由于某些人是某一群体或类属之成员而对他们施

8、以不公平或不平等的待遇。Famous American sociologist David Popenoe thought that discrimination refered to unfair or unequal treatment to someone who were members of one group or category.歧视是一种行动或行为。Discrimination is a kind of action or behavior.美国著名学者夏普认为:“歧视指相同的人(事)被不平等地对待或者不同的人(事)受到同等的对待。”Famous American schol

9、ar Sharp said,”Discrimination refers to the same people (things) are treated unequally, or different people (things) are treated equally.”这些解释有利于我们理解歧视，但不是为法律概念，不够作为司法判案的依据。These explanations is conducive to us to understand discrimination, but not for the legal concept, not as the basis of judicial

10、 judgment.性别歧视客观上表现为直接歧视和间接歧视, Gender discrimination objectively is divided into direct discrimination and indirect discrimination.直接歧视又称差别待遇歧视, 是最早的反歧视法涉及的一种歧视形式, 也是最常见的歧视形式之一。Direct discrimination is also called disparate treatment discrimination which is a form of discrimination in the earliest a

11、nti-discrimination law and is one of the most common form of discrimination.其立法基础是形式平等, 即相同情况同样对待。The legislation is based onformal equality that is being treated equally in same cases.直接性别歧视通过明确宣布基于立法所保护的性别特征而对个人做出区别对待是专断的、不能接受的,基于性别而产生的对女童受教育权的不平等待遇，即是直接歧视的一种。Direct sex discrimination declars taht

12、 it is arbitrary and unacceptable to make a distinction between individuals based on sex characteristics which are protected by law.That based on gender produces the unfair treatmentof girlsthe right to education,which is a kind of direct discrimination.女童作为法律保护对象中的弱势群体，在现实中存在着大量权利受侵害的现象。 As vulnera

13、ble groups of legalprotection,girls rights are violated largely in reality. 妇女，目前我国法律未对“妇女”有明确的定义。Women,In China ,at present,our law hasnt have a cleardefinition. 根据平白解释，妇女，即女性，然而对于妇女年龄的限制从未在法律中有所规定。According to the explanation,women that is femininity,however,women age limit has never been prescrib

14、ed in the law.仅有中华人民共和国刑法中有关强奸罪的加重情节出现“14周岁以下幼女”规定，部分学者赞同14周岁以上为妇女的观点。The legal provision,“under 14 years old girl”,about the deterioration of the rape, only appears in the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China.Some scholars agree with the view that no less than 14 years old femals are women

15、.消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约中也未出现对妇女的解释说明。The CEADW also has no explanation about women.此外，联合国儿童权利公约将儿童的年龄限制为18周岁以下。In addition,the CRC limits the age of the child is under the age of 18.结合上述观念，本文所指女童即为14-18周岁的女性。Inconclusion，in this artical,girls that are femal who are 14 -18 years old.教育，既是公民个人人格形成和发展的一个必不可少的手段

16、，也是培育作为民主政治具体承担者的健全的公民的重要途径。Education is not only a necessary means for civil personality to form and develop,but also an important way to cultivate sound citizens as specific undertaker of democracy.我国现行宪法第46条规定：“中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务”。In China ourcurrentconstitutionprescribedinparagraph1ofarticle46:

17、citizensofthePeoplesRepublicofChinatherightsandobligationsofeducation这种受教育权利义务一体化的立法模式，引起了学者们认识上的分歧。Such legislationmodel of integrating the right and obligation to be educated has caused scholars cognitional differences.有学者认为，我国宪法把受教育权既规定为公民的权利，又规定为公民的义务，实际上是不妥的，混淆了权利主体与义务主体的关系。Some scholars believ

18、e that our constitution prescribes the right to education is civil right as well as civil obligation,which is improper,because it confuses the relation between the subject of rights and the subject of obligation.有学者认为，公民的受教育权体现的是一种权利义务观。如“受教育权具有双重性，即受教育权既是公民的一项权利，也是公民的一项义务。”Some scholars believe tha

19、t the right to education embodies a concept of rights and obligation.For example,the right to education has the duality, namely it is both a civil right and civil obligation.“受教育是公民的基本权利和义务，体现人的个体性与社会性的统一。”“受教育是社会与个人的共同要求，在法律上应表现为权利与义务的统一。”笔者赞成后种观点，认为受教育权是公民的权利与义务。“To be educated is citizensbasic ri

20、ghts and obligation.And it reflects the unity of individuality and sociality.”“To be educated is the common demand of society and individual.In the law,it should be characterized by the unity of the rights and obligations。”I approve the latter opinion that the right to education is a civil rights an

21、d obligations.（1）具体内容 (a) The Specific Content受教育权的体系就是对组成受教育权的各项内容进行分类,而由划分出的各种权利组成的有机联系的统一整体。根据受教育权产生、发展的时间顺序, 可以将其分为学习机会权、学习成功权。Educational system is an unified whole that is intergrated with various rights which are divided from the contents of the right to education.According to the time order,

22、 it can be divided into the rightoflearningopportunities and the right to learning success. 1.学习机会权 The rightoflearningopportunities学习机会权是指受教育者有权通过学习获得生存与发展能力的可能性, 是接受任何等级教育的起点、资格和身份。学习机会权又可以派生出入学升学机会权和学生身份权。Rightoflearningopportunities refers to the educatees shall have the right to get the possibi

23、lity of survival and development ability by learning.It is the starting point,qualification and status to accept any level education .It can also derive the right of enrollment and entrance opportunity and the right of student.(1)入学升学机会权The Right Of Enrollment And Entrance Opportunity这类权利因国家在保障义务教育和

24、非义务教育中的不同义务和Such right is different because of the different obligations and responsibilities in ensuring compulsory and non- compulsory education.责任而有所不同,其主要区别是所有权利主体接受义务教育的学习机会权实质平等,而接受非义务教育的学习机会权只是凭个人能力、在竞争选拔基础上的形式平等。The main difference is that all rights of owners have the substantive equality i

25、n receiving the right of learning opportunities of compulsory education rather than having the formal equality in receiving the right of learning opportunities of non-compulsory education just by individual ability or on the basis of competitive selection.(2)义务教育阶段的入学升学机会权是指适龄儿童进入小学,小学毕业后可升入初中学习的权利。

26、The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of compulsory education is that schoolagechildren can enter elementary school and after graduation enter junior high school. 非义务教育阶段的入学升学机会权包括义务教育以下和义务教育以上阶段的权利。The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of non-compulsory education includes righ

27、ts of the compulsory education stage. 我国在非义务教育阶段,特别是在义务教育以上阶段,由法律确认的形式上的机会平等权还没有完全的制度保障。In China,in the stage of compulsory education, especially in the above stage of compulsory education ,formal opportunity equality which has been confirmed by law still has no complete protection system.当前高中及高中以上阶

28、段招生制度方面存在许多争议较大的问题,例如高考录取线和招生比例的问题一直是争议焦点。At present,admission system of high school and above high school has a lot of controversial problems.For example,the problem of the university entrance exam score and the percentage of admission has always been a controversial focus.除了个别试点省市外,全国统一命题、统一阅卷、统一评

29、分标准,却没有统一的录取分数线。Except few pilot provinces and cities,nation unifies proposition,marking and scoring but admission scores.笔者认为,虽然任何公平都是相对的, 各地教育发展水平差异较大,要求全国高考录取线一刀切也不尽合理, 但目前的高考录取线不统一,已远远超出了合理限度。类似的一些不公平实际上就影响到公民的入学升学机会权。I think that although any fair is relative and it is unrational to unify the n

30、ational college entrance examination score because of big difference in localeducationdevelopment level,the disparity of local college entrance examination score has already gone far beyond reasonable limit.Such inequity actually influences citizensthe right of enrollment and entrance opportunity.(3

31、)学生身份权(学籍权) the right of student学籍权是指作为受教育者的学生在其所在教育机构拥有学生身份并利用其条件学习的权利。 The right of student is the right that the students aseducatees in their education institutions own student identity and use their conditions to learn.任何人一旦有权进入某一教育机构学习, 经登记注册后就成为该教育机构的学生, 也就获得了相应的学生身份, 而一旦丧失学生身份权, 其他形式的受教育权也一同

32、丧失, 由于学生身份权对受教育权的行使至关重要, 因而剥夺学生身份权是严重的侵权, 法律对其保障也极为严密。Anyone once has the right to enter an education institutions to study,after the registration,he can be one of this education institutions students and obtain the corresponding the right of student.However, once he loss the right of student,other forms of the right to education also are lost.Because the right of student is very important to the right to education,depriving the right of student is a serious infringeme