love is a fallacy课后习题答案教案资料.docx

1、love is a fallacy课后习题答案教案资料Ruskin：John Ruskin(18191900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern

2、 Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a universal language. The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskins art criticism became more broadly social and

3、political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols.

4、 , 1871- 1884). Many of his suggested programs-old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor-have become accepted doctrine. . 1. The writer humorously uses words like limp, flaccid and spongy to describe his essay . Nationally he doesnt believe his essay to be bad, or else he

5、 would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may

6、 be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of pers

7、on. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer.

8、He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the logical fallacies she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of acci

9、dent is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (accident) makes the rule inapplicable. This is the Dicto Simpliciter fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule

10、. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of Hasty Generalization in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Spe

11、cial cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment Ad Hominem (speaking against the man rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *Poisoning the Well mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal att

12、ack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument Ad Miserieordiam (an appeal to pity), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his clients innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular a

13、rgument or begging the question occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :Gregory always votes wisely. But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. ). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomeno

14、n in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection-as when a misfortune is attributed to a malign event, like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in

15、demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: Do you like the twins?Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. )or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-Have you stopped beating your wife?). (7)The fallacy

16、of non Sequitur (it does not follow), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.1. The title of t

17、he story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When fallacy is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. 2. Yes, I

18、can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the bea

19、utiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him dumb, nothing upstairs , unstable , impressionable and a faddist .And as for Polly Espy, she is a beautiful dumb gir

20、l, who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The

21、writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic

22、inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like Gee, Oo, wow-dow a

23、nd clipped vulgar forms like delish, marvy, sesaysh, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the

24、 fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence-He was a torn man. The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words,

25、 he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Pollys love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.8. The conclusion

26、 is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified genera

27、lization or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid.2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of post hoe, ergo propter hoc.4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoe.6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified gene

28、ralization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a li

29、vely dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920s5. shed: cast off or lose hair6in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。or active in the main current of affairs7?practice：the exercise of a profession of occupation8?pinup：(American colloquialism)designating

30、a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls9?makings：the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something -10?carriage：manner of carrying the head and body：physical posture bearing：way of carrying oneself：manner11go

31、steady：(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively：be sweethearts1 2deposit：(facetious)put，lay or set downl 3brief：a concise statement of the main points of a law case。usually filed by counsel for the information of the court141etup：stopping；relaxing1fashion和fa

32、d均为名词。fashion主要指某人，尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。 2?incredulous和incredible均为形容词。incredulous是“不轻易相信的”、“表示怀疑的”的意思，指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。incredible是“不可相信的”意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示怀疑或不可相信。 3?passion和eagerness均为名词。passion指一种强烈的愿望或感情，这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者必然的结果。eagerness意即“渴望”或“热情”，但往往含有不耐烦的意味。 4feeling和emotion均是名词。feeling在没有上下文限制的时候，往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。 5reveal和show均为动词。reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西，好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。show指某种事物或者