自考《英语词汇学》复习资料.docx

1、自考英语词汇学复习资料自考英语词汇学复习资料第一章以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。 希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。第一章1. Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no l

2、ogical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means Frau in German， Femme in French and Funv in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet

3、have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has change

4、d more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given diale

5、ct， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Wordsby use frequency， by notion， by

6、 origin1）. Basic word stock the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important） natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability

7、they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight pastelectricity， machine， car， plane now3. productivity they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， the

8、y can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverb

9、ial saying and otherse.g. heart a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary 1. terminology technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus2. jargon specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chi

10、ps， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persu

11、adercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog6. archaisms words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， le

12、gal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word） denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word） do

13、 not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far mor

14、e work of expression than content words.3）. Native words are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use

15、（in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used） （usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing） words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens words borrowed earl

16、y and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. dcor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quo3.translation loans formed from the existing

17、 material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak

18、 from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky自考英语词汇学复习资料第二章第二章I

19、ndo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish Gree

20、kBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-

21、Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scand

22、inavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， t

23、he influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in u

24、se today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great lite

25、rary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been creat

26、ed to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， w

27、ord endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .men

28、tion should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Thre

29、e modes of vocabulary development1. Creation the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing t

30、o take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%自考英语词汇学复习资料第三章第三章1. Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functiona

31、l unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.AllomorphSome morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.