高英第一册的修辞手法.docx

1、高英第一册的修辞手法Figures of speech Simile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Personification（拟人）Euphemism（委婉）Hyperbole（夸张）Contrast（对照）Antithesis（平行对照）Parallelism（平行）Repetition（反复）Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）Irony（反语）Climax（层递）Anticlimax（突降）Onomatopoeia（拟声）Alliteration（头韵）pun（双关）transferred epithet(移就)一 Simile(明喻)Sim

2、ile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile is a comparison b

3、etween two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so

4、is good news from a far country.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。eg: My love is like a red red rose. tenor comparative word vehicle2.句型（1）.like型A联系动词（以to be 居多）+likeEg: Living without an aim is like sailing without a co

5、mpass.生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.实意动词+like。They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like water. as 型as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即asas和asso。英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。

6、例如：(as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石(as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛(as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶(as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉(as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛(as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若(as) sober as a judge 十分清醒(as) sure as a gun 千真万确虚拟句型最常见的是as if/though，另外还有其他一些形式。Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he ha

7、d come out of a painting by Vealsquez.这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。The dogs were in full cry, their noses down, their tails up, so close together that might have been one great yellow and white moving carpet.那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。He woke them both up getting to bed, but when

8、they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead.他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。 what型A. A is to B what X is to YEg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，

9、就像阳光对于花朵的作用。B What X is to Y, A is to B. Eg: What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature.妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。What blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。二、Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)Metaphor：(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a

10、comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example, the world is a stage.Metaphor compares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing,

11、not just that one is like another. Very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verb: Metaphor is compressed simile(简缩了的明喻)。在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：名词型最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现在句子的表

12、语部分。All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players.整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。动词型The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。Some books are to be tasted

13、, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 形容词型She has a photographic memory for detail.她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。Mark Twain succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in the west.三、Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Metonym

14、y (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance,. Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword.该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。如：Wh

15、at is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的the cradle与the grave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形成了借代关系。：以事物的特征代替事物本身A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。以工具代替动作或行为者A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.100把刺刀正沿街前进。以容器代替其中内容。Whenever

16、 my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。以人体器官代替其功能The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.她有审美眼光。I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.我对你有一个意见，先生

17、，不过很难用话语表达出来。以人或动物代替其特性There is still much of the schoolboy in him.他身上还有许多小学生的气质。The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。以原材料代替制成品The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into Chinas pockets.在巴塞罗那举行的第25届奥运会上，游泳项目有4枚金牌、5枚银牌落入了中国队的囊中。And as he

18、pluckd the cursed steel away, 当他拔出那可恶的凶器的时候Mark how the blood of Caesar followed瞧，恺撒的血是怎样跟着它流出来以作者或生产者代替作品或产品The captainhad fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.船长得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.我们驾驶一辆福特到海得公园去。以具体事物代替抽象事物Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave h

19、im a pat on the back for having tried so hard.尽管他的计划未获完全成功，但她对他作出的努力表示赞许。His pen would prove mightier than his pickax for making money.以抽象事物代替具体事物In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者She is an ageing opera singer

20、who has retired from the stage to teach.她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如：Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) 等等。五、Personification（拟人）Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of fee

21、lings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.懒惰缓慢而行，贫穷迎头赶上。.Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug.酒一从

22、酒壶里溜出来就会大言不惭。.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊要通过赞成素食主义的决议案也是无济于事的。.Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations.蚊子把我的脚脖子当作了加油站。.Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his pa

23、ssing guest by th hand; and with his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in the comer. The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing. （William Shakespeare）时间正像一个趋炎附势的主人，对于一个临去的客人不过和他略微握一握手，对于一个新来的客人，却伸开了双臂，飞也似地过去抱住他。欢迎是永远含笑的，告别总是带着叹息。.A lie can travel half way around the world while the

24、 truth is putting on its shoes. ( Mark Twain)当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (John Milton)时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。六Euphemism（委婉）Euphemism: (委婉) It is the

25、 substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.Euphemism（委婉）， 以文雅、悦耳或温婉来代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助语音、语法、词汇，表达生活中使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物。Euphemism又叫sweet talk（甜言蜜语），gilded words（镀金的字眼）或cosmetic words（化

26、装词）有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡疾病Look off colour（气色不好，指身体有病）under the weather（在恶劣天气条件下，指健康欠佳）not all there（神志不清，实指患精神病）long illness（久病，实指癌症）social disease（实指艾滋病）。替代illness或disease婉称疾病的词有condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。残疾Disabled（丧失能力的）handicapped（受到障碍的），,inconvenienced（行动不便的）,hard of hearing（听觉困难的），auditory

27、-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“；sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的）visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。衰老 “衰老”的委婉说法Advanced in age（年岁上先行的）past ones prime（已过壮年）feel one age（感觉上了年纪）golden age（金色岁月）sunset years（日落之年）表示“老人”senior citizen（资深的公民），the longer living（生活经历较长者）。.死亡多达上百条。如，go west（西去），be at rest（安息），be asleep in the Ar

28、ms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生之路），join ones ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe ones last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run ones race（跑完自己的赛程），be no longer with us（与我们永别了）。以下为一些实际用例，部分出自名家笔下，堪称巧用英语委婉的典范。And, it being low water, he went out with the side.正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道去了。*作者用“驾

29、潮而去”表示“溺水而死”，话说得哀婉动人。If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。*以“去给你叫辆车”委婉地下达了逐客令，却礼貌、得体。The boy used to take things without permission and has just been out of the rehabilitation home in the country. 那男孩以往常不经允许拿走东西，他刚从乡间的康复中心出来。 *“不经允许拿走东西”实际指“偷窃”，“康复中心”实际是“劳教所”的婉称。

30、He pardoned us off-hand, and allowed us something to live on till he went the way of all flesh.他轻易地就原谅了我们，并且直到他逝世为止还一直供给我们生活费。Im afraid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side.恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。The reactor began to run out of control “above critical” in the parlance of the nuclear en

31、gineer.反应堆开始失控或者用核工程师的话来说：处于临界点之上。*above critical实际为“核反应堆泄露”。政府在处理核事故时用词尤慎，惟恐引起民众恐慌或愤怒。He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire.经过这次灾难，他手头拮据，总是无精打采，身体也不好，时常预言大英帝国不久便会垮台。*作者用委婉语out of pocket 代替poor或bankrupt这类羞于启齿之词，而且与out of spirits 同一结构，相映成趣。七、Hyperbole（夸张）Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.a conscious exaggeration fot the sake of emphasis. Not intended to