普通生态学考试题习题库有答案to student.docx

1、普通生态学考试题习题库有答案to student普通生态学复习大纲、 Please explain the following terms、 名词解释（1） Introductionecology(生态学):就是有关生物与环境(栖息地)相互关系的科学。或者,生态学就是研究生物与环境相互关系的科学。（2） autoecologyniche(生态位):生物在环境中占据的位置。fundamental niche(基础生态位):在生物群落中能够为某一物种所栖息的理论最大空间。realized niche(实际生态位):物种实际所能占有的生态位空间。competitive exclusion princ

2、iple(竞争排斥原理):生态位相同的两个物种不可能共存。habitat(栖息地):生物生活的地方。fitness(适合度):就是衡量一个个体存活与生殖成功机会的一种尺度。个体存活的机会与生殖成功的可能性越大,适合度越大。environment(环境):生命有机体周围一切的总与,包括空间以及可以直接或间接影响有机体生活、生长与繁殖的各种因素。Liebigs law of minimum(利比希最小因子定律):在稳定状态下,当某种物质的可利用量最接近于该物种所需的临界最小量时,生物生长就会受到这种最小量因子的限制。Shelfords law of tolerance (谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”)

3、:当任何一个生态因子在数量上或质量上不足或过多,超过某种生物能够耐受的极限时,均会使该种生物不能生存,甚至灭绝。ecological valence or amplitude(生态价、生态幅、耐性限度):每一种生物对每一种环境因素都有一个能耐受范围,即有一个生态上的最低点与一个生态上的最高点,在最低点与最高点(或称为耐受性下限与上限)之间的范围,这个能耐受的范围称为生态幅。law of limiting factor(限制因子定律):在众多环境因子中,任何接近或超过某种生物的耐受性极限而阻止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散的因素,这个因子称为限制因子。Vant Hoffs law(范霍夫定律或Q10定

4、律):在一定范围内,变温动物的体温每增加10,生理过程速率加快2倍,我们把这种关系称为范霍恩定律或Q10定律。developmental threshold temperature(发育起点温度):动物的生长发育就是需要一定温度范围的,低于某一温度,动物就停止生长发育,高于这一温度,动物才开始生长发育,这一温度阈值就叫做发育起点温度或生物学零度。law of effective temperature(有效积温法则):外温动物完成其发育史需要一定的时间与温度的组合,或者说它需要的就是一定的总积温(sum of heat)。(3)population ecologyPopulation(种群):

5、在一定时间内占据同一空间的同种个体所组成的集合。ecological invasion(生态入侵):生物在人类有意识或无意识情况下带入到一个适宜于其生存或繁衍的地区,致使其种群不断增加,分布区稳步扩大的过程,称为生态入侵。innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)内禀增长率:当食物量与空间条件不受限制并排除同种个体竞争或敌害时,在特定温度、湿度与食物质地等条件下,种群所达到的瞬时最大增长率。density dependence(密度制约):种群参数如出生率、死亡率随着密度的改变而改变。density independe

6、nce(非密度制约):出生率与死亡不随密度的改变而改变。age structure(年龄椎体或年龄金字塔):不同年龄组在种群中所占的比例或配置情况。reproductive value(生殖价):指某一特定年龄个体未来产仔数的期望值。或一个某年龄雌体平均地能对未来种群增长所作出的贡献的参数。 Survivorship curve(存活曲线):将生命表中的lx或nx项对各年龄期x作图所得到的反映种群不同年龄段存活情况的曲线。ecological natality(生态出生率):又称为实际出生率,在特定的条件下种群的实际出生率。ecological mortality(生态死亡率):又称为实际死亡

7、率,在特定环境条件下,种群受到食物短缺、捕食及疾病干扰等的情况下的死亡率。maximum natality(最大出生率):在理想的条件下(即食物、空间等资源不受限制时,排除疾病的干扰)种群的出生率(此时的出生率只受生物的生理特征限制)。minimum mortality(最低死亡率):在最适环境下,种群中的个体因年老而死亡的速率。ecological strategy(生态对策):生物在进化过程中,对某一些特定的生态压力所采取的生活史或行为模式。(4)community ecologypioneer species(先锋物种):最先占领新生境的物种或在裸地上最先形成的物种。climax (顶级

8、群落):群落演替最后阶段的群落。此时,物种非常丰富,物种间关系通常非常紧密。biotic community(生物群落):在相同时间聚集在一定区域或生境中的各种生物种群的集合。community succession(群落演替):在一定的地段上,群落由一个类型转变为另一类型的有顺序的演变过程。growth form(生长型):根据植物的可见结构及其形态特征分成的不同类群。life form(生活型):植物地上部分的高度与其多年生组织(冬季或者夏季休眠并可存活到下一个生长季节)之间的关系。ectone(群落交错区):为两个不同群落交界的区域。edge effect(边缘效应):群落交错区中生物种

9、类与种群密度增加的现象。species diversity(物种多样性):就是指组成群落的生物种类的多少,就是衡量群落生物组成结构与生态系统稳定性的重要指标,就是生物多样性的一个重要层次(遗传多样性与生态系统多样性)。dominant species(优势种):群落中起决定与控制作用的物种。functional group (guild)(同资源种团或功能团):以同一方式利用共同资源的物种集团。(5)ecosystembiomass(生物量):某一特定观察时刻,某一空间范围内现有有机体的多少。用B表示,单位:数量、重量或能量/单位面积。primary production(初级生产):绿色植物

10、(自养生物)通过光合作用将无机物转变成有机物并把太阳能转变成化学能的过程(严格说来,应包括化能合成生物)。biogeochemical cycle(生物地化循环):就是指各种化学物质在生态系统内部不同生物成分之间、生物成分与物理成分之间的交换与循环以及化学物质在不同生态系统之间的交换与循环。ecosystem(生态系统):在一定空间中共同栖居着的所有生物(即生物群落)与其环境之间由于不断进行的物质循环与能量流转过程而形成的统一整体。biosphere(生物圈):就是地球上凡就是出现并感受到生命活动影响的地区,就是地球上最大的生态系统。ecological pyramid(生态椎体或生态金字塔)

11、:就是指生态系统中不同营养级的生物量、数量或能量的组成比例,通常用图解表示。food chain(食物链):生产者所固定的能量与物质,通过一系列取食与被食的关系在生态系统中传递,各种生物按其食物关系排列的链状顺序称为食物链。 food web(食物网):群落中的各种食物链相互交叉组成复杂的网状结构,称为食物网。trophic level(营养级):指生物在食物链中所处的位置。、 Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful、 填空题(1)introduct

12、ion Human being are confronted with the five crises such as 人口 , food, 资源 , 能量 , environ ment、Divided by the organization levels, the ecology includes molecular ecology, autoecology, 种群 ecology, 群落 ecology, 生态系统 ecology, 景观 ecology, global ecology、Divided by the habitat, ecology includes terrestrial

13、 ecology, 淡水 ecology, estuary ecology, 海洋 ecology, etc、Divided by the organisms, ecology includes 动物 ecology, 植物 ecology, and microorganism ecology、Classic ecology include autoecology, 种群 , 群落 , and ecosystem ecology、Ecology is the study(研究)of the 相互作用 (interaction) between organisms (生物) and their

14、environment (环境)、 The environment is a combination of 非生物 (abiotic) environment and the 生物 (biotic) environment、(2)autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are 超冷 and 耐受冻结 、According to Libigs Law of Minimum(利比希最小因子定律), 磷 (P) is most probably the limiting factor (限制因子) to the gr

15、owth of algae(藻类) in many fresh waters (淡水)、The types of aquatic plants that adapt to water (水分) are 沉水植物 , 漂浮植物, 浮叶植物 , and 挺水植物 、The types of terrestrial plants adapt to water are 旱生植物 , 中生植物 , 湿生植物 、The air temperature at night增加( increase) with the altitude ascent、The ways of osmoregulation (渗透压

16、调节) for fishes include 高渗调节 , 低渗调节 , 等渗调节 , 变渗调节 。The concentration (溶度) of O2 in soil is higher than in air, and which of CO2 in soil is lower (低于) than in air、According to size, the organisms in the soil can be classified into 原生生物 , 小型动物区系, 中型动物区系,大型动物区系 and 巨型动物区系(如鼹鼠 and 蛇 )、The factors that ha

17、ve important influences on the soil formation include 气候, 母质, 生物, 时间,地形、The organic matter (有机质) in soil is composed of 腐殖质 and 非腐殖质、(3)population ecologyThe types of natural selection (自然选择) include 分裂选择 , directional selection, 稳定选择 、The self-regulation schools (自动调节学派) include 行为调节学说, 遗传调节学说, and

18、 内分泌调节学说 、According to the shape of age pyramid (年龄椎体), it can be classified into three types, that is, 增长型 , 稳定型 , and 下降型 、The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 捕食 、 The interaction between penicillin (青霉素) and bacterium is 抗生作用 、 Walnut quinine (胡桃醌) secreted by walnut (胡桃) can

19、inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to 她感作用或异种抑制作用、The spatial distribution patterns of a population (种群的空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布), 聚集(或成群) distribution, and 随机 distribution、Organisms with K -strategist us

20、ually show low mortality (死亡率) in the early life stage and live in a stable environment、According to the competitive exclusion principle(竞争排斥原理), if two species compete in a stable environment, there are two possible outcomes(结果): (1) one species is excluded or (2) niches of both species 出现分化 (are d

21、ifferentiated)(4)community ecologyThe three model to explain the succession mechanism include 促进模型 , 抑制模型 , 忍耐模型 、Plants in a community can be classified not only by its taxonomy (分类学), but also by the growth form (生长型) , i、 e、, the height of the plants, woody(木本) or nonwoody(非木本), leave shapes etc,

22、 thus we can classify the plants as 乔木 (Tree), 藤本植物 (Lianas), 灌木 (Shrubs), 附生植物(epiphytes),草本植物 (grass) , and Thallophytes (菌藻植物)、The species that determines the structure and function of the community is 优势种 (dominant species)、According to the area where whether a community have existed or not, the

23、 succession can be classified into原生演替 (primary succession) and次生演替 (secondary succession)、According to the whether the factors that incur succession are endogenous or exogenous, the succession can be classified into 内因性演替 (endogenous succession) and 外因性演替 (exogenous succession)、(5)ecosystem ecology

24、The function of ecosystem include 物质循环 , 能量流动 , 信息交换 、Three fundamental types of biogeochemical cycles are 气体型循环 , 沉积型循环 , 水循环 、The two main types of food chains are 捕食食物链 and 碎屑食物链 、 生产者 , 分解者 , and 消费者 are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem、The largest ecosystem on Earth is the

25、生物圈 、Producers(生产者) are autotrophs (自养生物), including 光能自养生物(photoautotroph) and化能自养生物(chemoautotrophs)、Decomposers(分解者) are those organisms which feed on nonliving material and can break down (分解)the organic matters (有机物质) into inorganic nutrients(无机营养物) for the producers、 The most important decompo

26、sers might be 细菌(bacteria), and 真菌(fungi)、 The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图) of food web (食物网) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answers for the six questions below according to this sketch map、(1)The number of food chain (食物链) in this food web is 4 、(2)The number of trophic le

27、vel (营养级) of hawk is 2 、(3)The interspecific relationship between hawk and fox is 竞争 、(4)The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is 草 、 The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk through two food chains, the efficient food chain is 草-鼠-鹰 、(5)If we use DD

28、T to control the pest insect (害虫) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (浓度) of DDT is 鹰 、(6)If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is 草 、 True or false (one points

29、 each, 12 points totally)、 就是非题,每小题1分,共12分(对: false, F;错:true,T)、 Why is it right or wrong? 请思考为什么对,为什么错？(1)introduction( F ) 32、 Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology (经典生态学)、( F ) 35、 Molecular ecology

30、belongs to the research domain of classic ecology、( T ) 36、 Modern ecology (现代生态学) include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology、(2)autoecology( T ) 4、 Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant、 ( F ) 4、 Water is a resource for cotton at any time、 ( F

31、) 17、 For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数) by a 10 rise in temperature is two to three、 ( F ) 22、 If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species of the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (灭绝)、 ( F ) 21、 Organisms in the Tr

32、opical Zone(热带)are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone(温带)and Frigid Zone(寒带), so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狭温生物)、 (3)population ecology( T ) Most animals belong to unitary organism (单体生物)、( T ) Most plants belong to modular organism (构件生物)、(