基础英语语法非常全面的教师整理2.docx

1、基础英语语法非常全面的教师整理2基础英语语法 第二讲 名 词一、名词的分类名词可以从不同的角度进行分类。1根据构词法英语名词可分为简单名词、复合名词、派生名词 如： 简单名词 man, chair, land, ship, water, gas 即不能进行再撤分的名词 复合名词 armchair, farmland, seaside, roommate, 两个两个以上简单名词合成的名词 派生名词 arrangement, ecpectation, greatness, ability 由其他词性的词加词缀构成的名词2按其词汇意义英语名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。 如： 普通名词 catt

2、le, people, desk, water, idea 即表示同一类人或物的名称 专有名词 Beijing, Olympics, Jack, China 既表示个人、国家、地方、机构等专有名称的词3按其语法特征英语名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 如： 可数名词 carfive cars, boxtwo boxes, sheepten sheep, policmanthree policmen 这些名词可以在前直接用数词加以修饰，而且有复数形式。 不可数名词 watertwo waters, milkthree milk, soilfive soil, 这些名词不能在前面直接用数词加以

3、修饰，它们一般也没有复数形式。 4普通名词有可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 如： 个体名词 boy, tiger, house, insect 集体名词 family, team, cattle, police 物质名词 air, snow, bread, rice, soil 抽象名词 glory, honor, prettiness, education 它们之中个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。二、名词的数 1. 可数名词的复数 可数名词大多有单数和复数两种形式。 1）规则名词的复数形式有以下几种情况： （1）大多数名词后面直接加-s。如：

4、mapmaps, girlgirls, birdbirds, pigpigs (2) 以字母s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词在词尾直接加-es。如：boxboxes, busbuses, watchwatches, brushbrushes (3) 某些以字母o结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-es。常见的有: heroheroes, tomatotomatoes, potatoes, NegroNegroes, mosquitomosquitoes 或 mosquitos (4) “以辅音字母+y结尾的名词”把字母“y”改为 “i”再加-es。如：babybabies, flyflies, cit

5、ycities, (5) 某些以字母“f”或“fe”结尾的名词，常常把“f”或“fe”改为“v”，再加-es。常见的这些词有：leafleaves, shelfshelves, wifewives, thiefthieves, knifeknives, loafloves, wolfwolves, selfselves。注意还有其他的常见的这类词是直接在词尾加“s”构成其复数形式。如：roofroofs, chiefchiefs, gulfgulfs, cliffcliffs, proofproofs, beliefbeliefs, hoofhoofs, safesafes 2) 不规则名词的

6、复数形式有以下几种情况。 （1）把名词的内部元音字母变为其他的元音字母。常见的这类词有：manmen, womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen, toothteeth, mousemice, goosegeese, footfeet (2) 在名词的词尾直接加字母“ren”或“en”。常见的这类词有：childchildren， oxoxen (3) 名词的单数形式和复数形式相同。常见的这类词有：deerfive deer, sheeptwo sheep fishtwo fish/ fishes, aircrafttwo aircraft, Japaneseten Jap

7、anese, Chinesefive Chinese, peoplefive people (people 作为个体名词时单复数一样，但它也经常用做集体名词，表示复数内容) 3) 合成名词的复数形式主要有三种情况。 （1）将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数。如： passer-by过路的人passers-by, grand-childgrand-children, son-in-lawsons-in-law, onlookeronlookers旁观者, schoolboyschoolboys （2）没有主体名词的，直接在词尾加“s”或“es”。如： go-betweengo-betweens中间人

8、， drawbackdrawbacks 缺陷 （3）由man, woman, boy, girl, 开头表明性别的合成词，全部名词变为复数。 如： Man-doctormen-doctors,woman-teacherwomen-teachers, boy-studentboys-students, girl-pupilgirls-pupils 4) 集体名词的复数 （1）有些集体名词依情况既可以是单个的名词，这时有复数形式，也可以被看成是若干成员的整体，这时它表达复数内容。如：Our group consists of ten members. There four groups in ou

9、r class. Thousands of families were destroyed in the earthquake. Our class are going to have a picnic next Sunday if the weather is fine.（2）还有几个常见的集体名词只具有复数内容，不能被看成单个的个体名词。这些词有：police, cattle牛, poultry家禽, livestock牲畜， 如：The police are looking for him. 比较 Four policemen lost their lives in the action

10、. Their poultry are kept in the yard. 比较There is not much poultry（家禽肉）in the shops. 2. 不可数名词的数通常来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因而它们没有复数形式，对它们的计我们只能通过单位量词来进行如：watera glass of water, breadtwo pieces of bread, advicethree pieces of advice但是在一些特定下，不可数名词仍然可以有复数形式，这时它们表达一些特意义。常见的有以下几种情况。 1）不可数名词的复数用来表示不同的类别。如：There ar

11、e many famous teas in China, and Long Jing is one of them. They sell mineral waters(矿泉水). 2) 不可数名词的复数用来表示量相当大，这种用法相当于一种修辞手段。 如： He stopped, watching the waters of the Yangtze River. Large piles of sands in the desert spread out as far as you can see. The whole world was deeply buried in the snows. 3

12、）抽象名词的复数形式可以使这个词的抽象概念具体化。如： She told him of all her hopes and fears. 她把她的所有希望的事和担心的事都告诉了他。 再如difficulty“困难”可以转化为difficulties “难事”， hardship“苦难”可以转化为 hardships “苦难的事情3. 常以复数形式出现的名词1）由两部分构成的东西的名称的名词，常常以复数出现，而且常同单位量词“a pair of”等一起连用。常见词有： scissors剪刀，trousers裤子, shorts短裤, scales天平, shoes 鞋子 Becareful of

13、 the scissors! They are sharp. This pair of trousers has been out of fashion.。2）有些以ing 结尾的词使用时常用复数形式，通常也表示复数内容。常见的词有： belongings所有物, earnings收入, savings积蓄, findings调查结果, doings行为, surroundings环境, feelings情感greetings问候/ wearings 。如：All of my savings belong to one hundred yuan and this old car. My ear

14、nings this year has dropped by 5%. Surveys(调查)done in other countries reported similar findings.3）有些不可数名词的复数形式已经完全转化成了不同的意思。常见的有：air空气airs神情, custom风俗customs海关, damage损坏damages赔偿, paper纸papers论文, look看looks表情， arm手臂arms武器, iron铁irons镣铐, spirit精神spirits情绪,酒精 time时间times时代, work工作works著作4）有些名词在一定的词组中常

15、用复数形式。常见的词组有：make announcements宣告/通告, in good/bad/ high spirits情绪好/坏/高, as follows如下, make friends 交朋友, shake hands握手 Make/take notes做笔记Ex. 1、写出下列名词的复数形式baby, mass, way, wish, half, fly, play, roof, wolf, child, photo, ox, tax, mouse, horse, goose, chief, airman, sheepgrown-up, step-brother, housewi

16、fe, sister-in-law, German, Frenchman2、将下列词组译成英语1）两个面包two pieces of bread 2）三杯茶 three cups of tea 3）两碗饭 two bowls of rice 4）七盒火柴seven boxes of match 5）四张红纸four pieces of red paper 6）三吨煤three tons of coal 7）两盘肉two plates of meat 8）九英尺长nine feet long 9）三条裤子 three pairs of trousers 3、将下列句子中的词变成复数形式。 示例：

17、This is a bus.These are buses. She has a radio.They have radios. That is a truck.Those are trucks. 1) This is a brush. 2) That is a tomato. 3) She has a nice dress. 4) There is a photo on the wall. 5) Each nurse has a watch on her wrist. 6) You are a heroic fighter. 7) He is a seaman. 8) I am a trac

18、tor driver. 9) He is neither a baby nor a child but a grown-up. 10) There is a loaf of bread and a glass of milk on the table.三. 名词的格英语名词按其在句中的功能不同有三种格主格、宾格和所有格。其中只有所有格的形式所变化。名词的主格在句中做主语，宾格做宾语，而所有格一般做定语。1. 名词的s属格名词如果是表示有生命的人或物，可以在词尾加s构成起所有格。不过具体应用中注意以下几种情况。1）不以字母“s”结尾的名词，一般在名词词尾直接加s。如：This is my son

19、s bedroom. Marys watch was stolen yesterday.2) 以“s”结尾的名词的复数形式，只需在词尾加“”。 如：students textbooks, teachers office, workers union3) 以“s”结尾的表示姓氏的名词如果是以音/z/结尾既可以加“”，也可以加“s”，如果是以音/s/结尾，需加“s”。如：Engls /Englss works, Dickens/Dickenss novels, Jones/Joness invention, Charless job, Rosss house4) 复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构

20、成属格时，在最后一个词尾加“s”。如：my brother-in-laws death, an hour and a halfs walk, somebody elses opinion, men doctors salary5) 并列的名词表示各自所有的关系时要把各个名词分别变成所有格。如：Marys and Jacks bedrooms, Marys and Bobs books,但如果表示共有关系，只需把最后一个词变成所有格就行。如：Mary and Jacks bedroom. Mary和Jack共有的卧室。Bob and Toms computer. Bob和Jack共有的计算机。

21、6）有时s属格所修饰的名词可以省略，这种情形又叫名词的独立属格。主要有两种情况：（1）如果s属格所修饰的名词是表示店铺、住家、公司等的名词时，往往被省略。如： I had my dinner at my uncles (home). I bought the soap at the grocers (shop). （2）如果s属格所修饰的名词在上文已经提到，或下文即要提到时，也可以被省略。如：Your handwriting is better than Toms. Jacks is even more expensive than my car. 7) 一些表示无生命的名词也常常用s属格，常

22、见的情况有：（1）表示时间的名词用s属格 如：todays newspaper, ten minutes walk, two hours evening party (2) 表示机构、团体、国家、城市等名词用s属格。如：The schools history, Beijings industry, Chinas foreign policy (3) 表示金钱、价值的名词用s属格。 如：two dollars value, five yuans meat 事实上在语言的实际运用中很多无生命的名词都可以用s属格，这是语言的活用现象，或我们可以把它们看作是一种修辞手段。如：One of the de

23、sks feet is broken. The ships name is Titanic.2. 名词的of结构 名词的of 结构也是一种表达所有关系的重要方法，尤其是常用于表示无生命的名词的所有格。如：the most interesting part of the story, the front gate of our school, the stem(树干) of the big treeof结构也可以用来表示人和其他有生命的名词的所有格，尤其是当这些名词有较长的修饰语时。如：This is the car of the man in a black hat under the big

24、 tree over there.The name of the soldier who saved the girl out of the fire is not known yet.3. 名词属格的具体用法名词的属格虽然又叫所有格，但是它并不仅仅用来表示所有关系，它可以表示以下具体其他关系。1）表示主谓关系The prime Ministers arrival is reported in the morning paper. / The arrival of the Prime Minister is reported in the morning paper. 总理的到来在早报中得到了

25、报道。（这里总理和到来之间不是所有关系而是主谓关系）Everybody was pleased at Davids quick recovery from illness. / Everybody was pleased at the quick recovery of David from illness. 大家都为大卫能从疾病中快速地康复表示高兴。2）表示动宾关系 The enemys defeat brought the war to an end. / The defeat of the enemy brought the war to an end. 敌人被打败了，战争停了。（def

26、eat 和the enemy之间是动宾关系）The thiefs punishment will be three years in prison. / The punishment of the thief will be three years in prison. 对这个贼惩罚将会是三年徒刑。3）表示来源Marys letter/ the letter of Mary = the letter from Mary（ Mary写的信）the girls story/ the story of the girl =the story told by the girl,那女孩讲的故事Newto

27、ns law/ the law of Newton牛顿定律4) 表示类别 a winters day= a day in winter, mens shoes=shoes for men在表示类别时不能用of 词组替代s属格，又如：Childrens pictorial 儿童画报，不能说成pictorial of childrenMens clothing 男式服装，不能说成 clothing of men a doctors degree 博士学位，不能说成a degree of doctor5) 当名词是由“定冠词+形容词”构成时，或者of词组是表示同位关系时，不能用s属格只能用of 词组

28、。如：the income of the rich富人的收入(而不说成the richs income)， the struggle of the exploited 被剥削阶级的斗争(而不说成the exploiteds struggle) the City of Rome 罗马城，the town of Bremen不来门镇 Ex. 1、指出下列名词属格表示的关系。 1）my fathers car 2) the bulls horns 3) the prisoners escape(逃跑) 4) the prisoners release(释放) 5) the presidents as

29、sassination(刺杀) 6) the generals letter 7) a summers day 8) a womens college 9) ten days absence 10) the crowds sympathy(同情) 2、把下列英语句子翻译成汉语，注意名词属格的用法。1) He is happy in the love of his wife. 2) He did it for love of his wife. 3) Her punishment for stealing was a year in prison.4) Childrens education p

30、resents a big problem. 5) John was pleased by his teachers praise.四、名词的双重属格或双重所有格名词的双重属格是指“of词组+名词s属格”的情形。如：He is a friend of my fathers.= He is one of my fathers friends.a business client(生意顾客) of my grandfathers= one of my grandfathers business clientsNote: 要注意的一点是这里的名词属格的名词必须是表示确定的人的名词，不能是物也不能是不确

31、定的。如：我们不说a friend of a doctors 也不说 a cover of the books对双重所有格的应用还要注意以下几个情况：1、当of 前面的名词有a/an, some, any, a few, five, six等表示数量的词修饰，时常用双重属格。 如：A few friends of brothers will come for dinner tomorrow. Any works of the writers is valuble now.An old classmate of my mothers was killed in the accident.Note: 注意不能用定冠词the修饰of前面的名词，如不能说 the classmates of my fathers2、可以用指示代词修饰双重所有格修饰的名词，表示爱憎、褒贬等感情色彩。如：That clever remark of your sisters really touched us. (比用your sisters clever remark更具赞赏意味)This little dog of your sis