过去完成时.docx

1、过去完成时过去完成时一.过去完成时(past perfect tense)：它表示动作发生的时间是过去的过去（past-in-the-past），侧重事情的结果。即在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件；也可以表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。I had finished my homework before I had supper.我在晚饭前把作业做完了。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finall

2、y came.公交车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。【解析】句中的I had supper即指过去的某一时间，而finish这一动作就是在had supper之前完成的。如果只是说I had finished my homework.比较难以理解。由此可见，过去完成时可以说是一个相对的时态，它不能离开过去的时间而独立存在。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前，那么，使用过去完成时就必须先有一个“过去的时间”。课文原句：Coghlan traveled（travel旅行；经过，通过） back to Canada after he had been buried in Texas!已经被

3、埋葬在德克萨斯的科格伦（竟然）回到了加拿大！By the late 1890s, he had moved to Galveston（英lvstn美lvstn加尔维斯敦）, where he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane struck (strike的过去式、过去分词，击打；袭击).（必修三Module3 The Violence of Nature,P23）19世纪90年代后期，他迁居到加尔维斯敦，直到1899年飓风袭击的前一年，在那里去世。二.过去完成时的构成：过去完成时由“助动词had +过去分词”构成，其中had通用于各种人称。 S

4、he had applied for a doctors license in both Montreal and Winnipeg, but was refused.（2014山东高考真题，完形填空）肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他造句：否定句：主语+hadnt+过去分词+其他 或 主语+had+not+过去分词+其他造句：一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他，即把陈述句中的had提到句首造句：特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句造句：三.过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1）by + 过去的时间点。如

5、： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. 【练习】We _(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.（2）before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. （3）when引导从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式）When I got to the station, the train had already left. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判

6、定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.George在

7、战争结束以后回来了，结果被告知他的妻子已经离开了他。(根据句意说明这是一个意料之外的结果，在非谓语动词中，现在分词做结果状语的时候，表示的是意料之中的结果。不定式和only连用，表示的是意料之外的结果。)（2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密

8、相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 【练习】She _(not go) to Qingdao because she _ (be) there before.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上

9、、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.四.过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me th

10、at he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及by, before, until等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more tha

11、n 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 【练习】I waited until he _(finish) his homework. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）5. 过去完成时也用于hardly.when.（刚就）, no sooner.tha

12、n. （刚就；一就）等一些固定句型中。He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。1. Did Linda see the traffic accident?(天津2006) No, no sooner _ than it happened. A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gon

13、e 根据所给单词的适当形式填空1 When I returned home ， he _ （ leave ）。2 By ten yesterday evening ， she _ （ finish ） writing.3 He _ （ study ） English for five years before he came here.4 It _ _ （ stop ） raining when I wake up this morning.5 When he _ （ come ） to China two years ago he found people didnt understand

14、him at all though he _ （ learn ） some Chinese in his own country.6That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die).7They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave).8The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen_ (arrive).9When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave)the hall.10

15、The Reads _ (have) lunch when I _(get) to their house.11When I _(arrive) at the station, he _(leave). 过去完成时与现在完成时、一般过去时的区别 五.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 Engli

16、sh words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了

17、？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） 六.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发

18、生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the

19、room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.重点英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果A事件先发生，A就用过去完成时

20、；如果B事件先发生，B就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。请看例句：例1She said (that) she had never been to Paris.例2When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.例3We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.例4Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 例5The students we

21、re writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.在上面的五个例子中，可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容中，都包含着两个(或以上)在过去发生的事件。把两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：例1said had never been to (先没有“去”，后“说”)例2arrivedhad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)例3 had hoped would comedidnt (先“希望”，后才发生“没去”)例4was disappointe

22、dhad left arrived (先“离开”，后“到达”和“失望”)例5were writingwent had left (先“离开”，后“到”和“写”)难点过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句：例1By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是A、B两件事件的先后，而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：12岁

23、。说他“12岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了”，这个“谋生”是发生在“12岁”时，还是“12岁”前，还是“12岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“12岁”之前!也就是说，“12岁”已经是一般过去时，而在“12岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那么多表示时间状语的词中，要特别注意By、Until等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现By时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。(当然，我说的是很有可能。) 类似的时间表达方式还有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应该没有多大的问题。例如：例2Until then

24、, his family hadnt heard from him for six month. 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点then(那时)，而hadnt heard发生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。根据所给动词的适当形式填空1She told me that she _break her glasses yesterday.2She told me that she _know me since she was a child.3I _think that he had died at least two years ago.4The con

25、cert was more successful than she _think.5She wore the necklace her mother _leave her.单选When Jack arrived he learned Mary _ for almost an hour（MET92） Ahad gone Bhad set off Chad left Dhad been away We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year We _ four thousand new words by the end of this y

26、ear Ahad learned Bhave learned Clearned Dwill have learned The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office（MET91） Ahad written；left Bwere writing；has left Chad written；had left Dwere writing；had left Helen _ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ h

27、ome（NMET 96） Ahas left；comes Bleft；had come Chad left；came Dhad left；would come 句型转换1I had sold the ticket when she came. （改否定句）2By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）3Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived. （改一般疑问）4By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改

28、一般疑问） 单选1. They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two years. (安徽2007) A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. havent spoken D. havent been speaking2. Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friend yesterday? Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time. (重庆2007)A.didnt

29、see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen3.(2011山东卷,35) She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _ everything!A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating4.（2011北京卷）Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have

30、conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conductedD5. The play had already been on for quite some time when we _ at the New Theatre.(浙江2007)A have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arriveB6.（10北京）It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _ for me. A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing7. (2011辽宁卷) By the time Jack returned home f