完整版高中定语从句详解修改版.docx

1、完整版高中定语从句详解修改版高中定语从句详细讲解一 定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词今后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：指引定语从句的词叫关系词。关系代词： that, which, who, whom, whose, as ( 主语，宾语，定语 )关系词关系副词： when, where, why （状语）The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.二 关系代词指引的限制性定语从句先行宾语词主语定语作用及物动词宾语或没被提早的介词宾语被提早的介词宾语指人w

2、ho/that,aswho/whom/that,as介词 +whomwhose/of whom指物that/which,asthat/which,as介词 +whichwhose/of which1先行词指 人且在定语从句中作 主语 ，需用 who/that 指引，且 不可以省略The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。This is the teacher who/that teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2先行词指 人且在定语从句中作 宾语 ，需用 whom

3、/who/tha t 指引，且 能省略Li Ming is just the boy ( whom/who/that ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor ( whom/who/that) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。3先行词指 物且在定语从句中作主语，需用 that/whic h 指引，且 不可以省略Football is a game that/which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜爱的运动。He likes to read books that/

4、which are written by foreign writers. 他喜爱外国作家写的书。4.先行词指 物且在定语从句中作 宾语 ，需用 that/whic h 指引，且 能省略That is the book (that/which) I want to read.5 Whose 平时指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我以前住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意： Whos

5、e+ 名词 =the+ 名词 +of whom/which=of +whom/which+ 名词This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.=This is the scientist, the achievements of whom are well-known.=This is the scientist, of whom the achievements are well-known.This is the housewhose window broke last night.=This is the house,th

6、e window of whic h broke last night.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.6.“介词 +关系代词 ”指引的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由 “介词 +关系代词 ”引出。1指物用介词 +which ，指人用介词 +whomTomorrow I bringll here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow I bringll here the magazine for which you asked.明

7、日我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 介词的选择：1）由先行词的习惯搭配或依据先行词的需要。This is the teacher from whom I borrowed the book. 这就是我从他那里借书的老师。2）依据动词短语的固定搭配。Don t bring the children to see the animal

8、s of which they are afraid.注意： 1 含有介词的短语动词一般不打开，介词仍放在短语动词的后边，如动词短语：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. ( 正 ) 这是我正在找的腕表。This is the watch for which I am looking . ( 误 )The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. ( 正 )

9、那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）2若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom ；关系代词指物时只可用 which ，关系代词是全部格时用 whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. ( 正 )你方才跟他发言的那个人是我的街坊。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. ( 误 )The plane in

10、which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ( 正 )我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很快乐。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ( 误 )3 “介词 +关系代词 ”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词也许数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父亲母亲，他

11、们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.我们班总合有 40 个学生，大多数来自傲城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.迄今为止，他写了 10 部小说，此中 3 部是关于农

12、村生活的。7.as 指引的限制性定语从句such+名词 +as. 像.相同的，像 .之类的such as. 像.相同的，像 .之类的the same+名词 +as. 和.相同的We have found such materials as are used in their factory.This book is not such as I expect.I have the same book as he was.2三 限制性定语从句中只好用 that 指引定语从句的状况1当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing ， something , all, none

13、, few, little, some 等不定代词时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？All that can be done has been done. 全部能做的都做好了2当先行词被 the only, the very,every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much, the last, just 等代词修饰时The only thing that we can do now is to give some money.我们独一能做的事情就是给你一些

14、钱。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。3当先行词被 序数词或形容词最高等 修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们观光的第一个地方是大本钟。This is t he best film that I have seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。4当先行词 既有人又有物 时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at sc

15、hool他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。5当主句是 以 who, which 开头的疑问句 时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词在句中作 表语 时，无论先行词指人还是指物。China is no longer the country

16、that she was. 中国不再是本来的那个国家了。Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是过去的样子了。7主句是 There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用 that 作关系代词 . 如：There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.8假如有两个从句，此中 一个关系代词已用 which ,另一个关系代词宜用 that，以防备语言的单调或重复。如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that

17、 had never been seen before.四 关系副词指引的定语从句（ when, why, where ）1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 When=in/at/on/during 等 +whichI still remember the day when/on which I first came to this school.我依旧记得我第一次抵达这所学校的那天。2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Where=in/at/on/under 等 +whichI visited the farm where/in which a lot of cow

18、s were raised .我观光了那个饲养了好多奶牛的农场。3 why 指原由，在定语从句中作原由状语。 Why=for whichI don tknow the reason why/for which he looks unhappy today.我不知道他今日为何看上去不快乐。3注意： 1).先行词是表示时间，地点的名词时，其实不是都用 when 和 where，若从句的谓语动词是不及物动词，作状语，用 when 和 where，假如是及物动词，作主语和宾语，则用 that 或者 which 。比方：This is the house where he lived last year

19、.This is the house that / which he visited last year.2).“地点模糊”的先行词 point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,family, job 等表示某人某物所处的状况，发展的阶段，或表达某事的某个方面时，用 where指引定语从句。比方：We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们但是全力想能达到两方共同坐下来商谈的地

20、步。3).关系副词指引的定语从句常常可以用 “介词 +关系代词 ”指引的定语从句来表示。如：Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.他为何拒绝接受邀请的原由是十分了然的。五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句先行宾语词主语定语作用及物动词宾语或没被提早的介词宾语被提早的介词宾语指人who,aswho/whom,as介词 +whomw

21、hose/of whom指物which,aswhich,as介词 +whichwhose/of which句子Which,as-His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.This is New York, which I have visited for several times.Last summer I visited the People sGreat Hall, in which

22、 many important meetings are held every year.As we all know, china is a developing country.The man, whose father is a policeman, got married last year.六 关系代词 as 和 which 指引的定语从句as 和 which 指引非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不一样样之处。详细以下：1.as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前方整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natura

23、l. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。2. as 指引的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句以前、主句今后，也许句中。 which 指引的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句今后。其余， as 常常有 “正如、正像 ”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可4以知道。

24、John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个有名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don tbelieve. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词常常只用 which 。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆总是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made

25、 of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。3.as 和 which 指引非限制性定语从句时，可取代整个句子， as 指熟知的内容，而 which 指代意想不到的事情或客观事实。如：As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。The earth, as we know, goes around the sun.我们都知道，地球绕着太阳转。She remarried, which we unexpected. 她又结婚了，这我们没有预想到。4.当非限制性定

26、语从句表示否定意义时，只好用 which 来指引。He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn t like. 他不得不在礼拜日上班，这点他不喜爱。He didn t win the championship, which I hadn t expected.他没获取冠军，这一点是我没预想到的。5.当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用 as。 如：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象

27、他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上礼拜扔掉的相同。注意：当先行词受 the same 修饰时，有时也用 that 指引定语从句，但与 as 指引的定语从句意思有差别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary swedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的相同的连衣裙。6.as 的常用插入语式的句式有： as i

28、s said above 综上所述 ; as is already mentioned above 正如一句论述到的； as is expected 正如猜想的那样； as we all know 众所周知； as is reported in the newspaper 正如报纸所报导的。七 定语从句与同位语从句的差别1定语从句修饰限制先行词， 它与先行词是修饰关系； 同位语从句说明先行词的详细内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 方才跳跃的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that

29、he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经逝世了， 这个事实很了然。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词指引，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时常常可省略。 同位语从句主要由连词 that 指引，在从句中一般不担看作分；有时也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词指引， 这些连词则在从句中担看作分。The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的信息是真的。The news that he has just died is true.

30、（同位语从句） 他方才逝世了，这个信息是真的。The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. ( 定语从句 )我们此刻面对的问题是如何筹集这么多资本。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句）5我们如何筹集这么多资本，这个问题很难解决。The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句）他提出的问题让我们很犯难。The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句）他能否必定会博得那场竞赛，这个问题很难回答。3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 be 发展成一个圆满的句子 , 而定语从句则不可以。 如：The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个想法不错。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advi