汉英翻译中的句子结构处理.docx

1、汉英翻译中的句子结构处理汉英翻译中的句子结构处理：翻译一个具体句子时，首先必须解决句子结构的问题.在很多情况下,将汉语原文的句子结构不加改变或稍加改变就移植到英译文中去,是完全可能的；但在不少的情况下,则必须改变原文的句子结构。例如原文的句子很长或由于其他原因,译成英语时就须把它拆开,译成几个句子。如原文是两个或两个以上的句子，但其间的逻辑关系非常紧密,或由于英语本身的原因，又须将它们译为一句。此外，如为了句子的连贯,为了强调或不强调句子的某一部分；为了传达原文句子的语气，或是由于汉语句子比较特殊（如汉语多无主语句），或是由于英语本身的特点(如被动结构较多）等等，我们都必须改变原文的结构.改变

2、原文句子结构的方法很多,现将常用的几种列举如下。一、拆句将原文中的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子,称为拆句翻译法。1、时候既然是深冬，渐近故乡时,天气又阴晦了,冷风吹进般舱中，呜呜的响。(鲁迅故乡）It was late winter。 As we drew near my former home the day became overcast and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat。2、中国两国是近邻，只隔一衣带水，我们两国的关系已有一千多年的历史。China and Japan are close neighbours sep

3、arated by just a strip of water . The relations between our two countries have a history of more than 1,000 years.3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的规律生活，这是自我修养的物质基础。（周恩来我的修养原则）Keep fit， lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for personal training.二、合句将原文中两个或两个以上的句子合并译为一句,称为合句翻译法.1、从那时到现在,已经整整五十

4、年了。这是光辉的五十年，不平凡的五十年。Fifty years have elapsed since that dayfifty glorious years, fifty extraordinary years.2、我们必须扫除这个最大的障碍。这个障碍的扫除要靠中美两国政府的共同努力。We must clear away this biggest obstacle, the removal of which depends on the joint efforts of the Chinese and American governments。三、改变句子结构将汉语的句子译成英语时，由于两种

5、语言的句子结构不同，或由于两种语言的习惯表达法不同，或由于上下班下文和其他原因，往往需要改变原文的句子结构。句子结构的改变情况多样而又复杂,现举出以下实例说明一部分情况，读者可以“举一反三”，靠自己从实践中去更深地体会。1、分句译为短语1）中国昂首挺立于世界之林，越来越成为任何人都不能忽视的巨大力量.Standing firm and proud among the nations of the world， China has become an ever stronger force which no one can ignore。2）中日两国是近邻，只隔一衣带水。China and Ja

6、pan are close neighbours separated by just a strip of water.（省去主语的分句译为分词短语）2、复句中的第一个分句的谓语部分译为短语；在这种情况下,第二个分句的主语和第一个分句的主语相同,故第二分句的主语常被省去不译.1）某些居心叵测的政客们只知道挖空心思为“西藏独立”制造理论依据,却没有想到使他们自己陷入自相矛盾的境地.Some illintentioned politicians, racking their brains to fabricate a theoretical justification for “ Tibet in

7、dependence is unaware that they have landed themselves in selfcontradiction.3、主谓结构中的谓语译为短语.1）我们用自己动手的方法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。By using our own hands we have attained the goal of “ ample food and clothing ”。4、改变主谓结构的其他情况1）有些青年人认为超前消费才显得豪华气派，这种想法是错误的，是不适合我国的国情的.Some young people think that spending money ahead o

8、f time may show their rich and mighty way of living. This wrong view does not tally with our national conditions。5、动宾结构的改变及其译法.1）认为经济发展了，就难保持收支平衡的观点是没有根据的. There are no grounds to believe that economic development will make it difficult to maintain a balance between revenue and expenditure.2）老科学家有长期

9、搞科研的丰富经验。因此,他们的意见特别值得我们尊重。Veteran scientists have behind them rich experiences in research projects. Their ideas， therefore, deserve our particular attention。6、主动结构变为被动结构或被动结构变为主动结构.1）25年前尼克松访华以后,中美两国建立了外交关系。Diplomatic relations were established between China and the United States after the Nixons v

10、isit to China 25 years ago.（主动变为被动）2）为了追求高额利润，西方资本主义发达国家也进行过技术改造。但是，它是建立在绝大多数农民、工人破产和失败的基础上的。In its thirst for superprofit, the capitalist developed countries in the Western world also went through technical renovation. But it could do so at the cost of bankrupting the overwhelming majority of the p

11、easants and workers and throwing them out of work。(第二句在意义上是被动,但译成英语的主动结构)汉译英词类互换法与代换法词类互换法是汉译英最常用的方法之一.由于汉语和英语是两种完全不同的语言，因此在翻译时不能按照原文的词类机械地照搬不误。例如汉语运用动词的场合较多，译成英语时,不一定也用动词，而可以用介词或名词。如果我们运用得当,就可以使译文更加符合英语的习惯用法,读起来通顺流畅，明白易懂。现将汉译英常用的词类互换法分述如下：一、汉语的动词转换成英语介词或介词短语1、联合国的大多数成员国都不赞成所谓“人权”的提案。A great majorit

12、y of member nations in the United Nations were not in favour of the socalled“human rightsproposal。 （动词-介词短语）2、他们不顾一切艰难险阻，勇往直前。They kept going forward courageously in spite of all dangers and difficulties。（动词介词短语）二、汉语的动词转换成英语的名词1、在这所敬老院里，所有的老人都受到很好的照顾。 In this Retirement Center for the Aged, all the

13、senior citizens are taken good care of。（动词-名词;副词形容词）2、要制止青少年犯罪，首先应加强思想教育和严格查禁黄色书刊和吸毒。To check juvenile delinquency, first of all, we should intensify our moral education and a strict ban of drugs and pornographic books and periodicals must be placed。（动词名词；副词形容词）三、汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词1、获悉贵国南方地区遭受水灾，国际红十字会深

14、表关切，为此，特向你们捐赠以下救济物资。The International Red Cross is deeply concerned at the news that a big flood has hit the southern areas of your county。 The following relief items will be specially denoted for this purpose。2、要是你们只满足于现状,你们就不能在竞争中求得发展。You cannot survive in the competition for further development,

15、if you are only content with things as they are.四、汉语的名词转换成英语的动词1、我对这个城市的绿化留下很深的印象。I was deeply impressed by the afforestation plan of this city。2、成都工艺美术品厂的产品主要特点是工艺精湛，价廉物美。The products of Chengdu Arts & Crafts Factory are mainly featured by their fine workmanship and reasonable price.五、汉语的形容词或副词转换成英

16、语的名词1、在全国卫生城市的评比中，成都已消除了脏、乱、差的现象。In the nationwide evaluation of clean cities， Chengdu has got rid of all its uncleanness， disorder and discourtesy。2、街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。（巴金家)Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a dusk of gloomy grey。六、其他词类的转换1、随着生产的发展,群众生活水平的提高，人民的购买力将逐步增长。The purc

17、hasing power of the whole people will increase step by step as production grows and the living standard of the masses is improved。(形容词-名词；名词动词）2、我国高科技发展的实践,再一次证明了这位科学家的论断完全正确.The practice of the high-tech development in China once more bears out how absolutely correct is the inference of this scient

18、ist。（形容词副词；名词形容词）汉译英除了常运用词类转换法(conversion）外，我们还可用代换法（substitution)来进行翻译.汉语里同一个名词（尤其是当这个名词指事物的时候）常常重复使用,英语里则多用代词替换，有时可以不译出.除代词外，英语里还可用一些其他词语来代换。例如：1、英译汉并不比汉译英容易。Translation from English into Chinese is not easier than the other way around。2、我们这本书主要讲汉译英而不讲英译汉的基本技巧。This book deals with the basic skills

19、 of translation from Chinese into English not vice versa。增词、减词与变词翻译法在汉译英的过程中，有时为了使译文清楚明了，须加词或减词；有时还需改变原文的词面意义,采用别的说法才能符合译入语的习惯用法。为了使译文忠实地表达原文的含义，并让译文符合译入语的习惯表达法，在翻译时我们有时需要增补或减少一些词语。现分述如下：一、增词翻译法所谓增词,不单是说译文比原文多了几个词，而主要是指通过增加词汇来补充或阐明原文的意思或满足英语本身的需要。增词一般是根据以下两种需要:一）由于英语结构上和上下文的需要；（一）增补代词或名词：由于汉语里无主语句较多

20、，译成英语时就必须补足主语.例如:1、从他的演说中，可以看出，他赞成什么,反对什么；喜欢什么，痛恨什么。People might see from his speech what he is for and what he is against, what he likes and what he bitterly hates.（如不加用“people”一词就不符合英语的习惯用法）2、不少大学毕业生响应政府的号召到西藏和边疆地区参加工作.Quite a number of college graduates responded to the call of our government to

21、work in Tibet and some frontier areas。（二)增补连词：1、留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。So long as green hills remain， there will never be short of firewood.2、送君千里，终有一别。You may see off a friend and escort him miles and miles away, but you still have to part company in the end。(三）增加介词和冠词介词和冠词是英语中用得最多的词类，也是中国学生最容易犯错误的地方。汉语里未用介词，

22、译成英语时,往往需要加介词;汉语里根本不用冠词,译成英语时必须加上冠词。因此在汉译英时,增补介词或冠词是必不可少的翻译技巧。1、我们看问题不要主观片面,对问题应作全面分析.We should not take a subjective and lopsided view， instead we should make an overall analysis of a problem。2、人为万物之灵。Man of all creatures is the one endowed with intelligence.二）由于意义上或语气上的需要汉语和英语的习惯用法不同,如果将汉语生搬硬套逐词译成

23、英语，就会造成误解，甚至产生汉语式英语.1、其实，不把散文底子打好，什么也写不成。As a matter of fact， without a good foundation in prose-writing， one cannot hope to be successful in any kind of writing。2、理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。1）Theory is something but practice is everything.2)It is true that theory is important, but practice is most important of

24、all。3、这种矛盾包括国家利益、集体利益同个人利益之间的矛盾。These include the contradictions between the interests of the state of the individual on the other.(原文的意思是以国家利益、集体利益为一方，个人利益为另一方，三者之间不是并立关系，所以译文中加了on the one hand 和 on the other，否则就不能将原文中的确切含义表达出来。)二、减词翻译法翻译既有增补词语的译法，也有减少词语的译法。但应当说明的是，减词决不是将原文的内容删掉不译，而是指原文中有些词在译文中虽未译出

25、来，但从上下文中已可看出其含义.减掉一些可有可无的词或违背译文习惯表达法的词语,既可使译文用词不显得累赘、臃肿，又使译文更加简洁、流畅。现举例说明如下：一)删减原文中重复的词语1、我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力.We should develop our ability to analyze and solve problems。2、他们为国家作的贡献比我们作的贡献要大得多。They have done much more contributions for the state than we have。二）汉语中不少虚词如“就”、“又”、“还”、“都”；名词如“情况”、“情景”、“观点”

26、、“面貌”、“发展”、“质量”、“事业”等都可以省去不译.1、师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学质量的提高。The closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.（省去“质量”未译，如译成“the quality of teaching则不符合英语的习惯用法）2、迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌,是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。1）It is the burning desire of all the people to end our countrys poverty and ba

27、ckwardness quickly。2)To quickly end our countrys poverty and backwardness is the burning desire of the Chinese people of all nationalities.三、变词翻译法有时,为了使译文更加传神，需要改变一下原文的字面意义，因为在汉语中往往可以从字里行间领会其言外之意。在汉泽英时，好的译者应尽量将字里行间的含义译出来，这就需要改变一下原文的词才行.例如：“老王，你怎么知道？老王道:“县里哪个不晓得?”“How did you get to know of him， Old Wang？”“Is there anyone in the county who doesnt know him？retorted Old Wang.(虽然上文中的汉语是个“道”字，但从这部小说的故事情节来看，这儿的“道”却有“反驳道的含义，因此，译者在这里译为“retorted”，既符合原文的语气,又使译文更加生动)