职称英语卫生类新增文章译文及解析.docx

1、职称英语卫生类新增文章译文及解析2013年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析阅读理解第十六篇 Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleague

2、s from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could hel

3、p its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent to about 70 human years.Th

4、e researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their live

5、s,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from th

6、e National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenatin

7、g the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyr

8、e hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager a

9、dj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程 genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1. hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it might be worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-或许有一天它会值很多钱。2. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by

10、time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time岁月造成的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。3. half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。4. free radi

11、cal production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。5. kick in：意为“开始起作用”。 如：Were still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。6. be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A Eating less than usual might

12、 make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on

13、mice.C To tell us how mices liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime

14、.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young

15、 genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is

16、 not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案与题解：1. D第一k第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。2. B第二段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题o3. D

17、第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，D正确。4. A第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。5. C文章的最后两段谈及Spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。参考译文第十六篇 为生存而食粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住

18、青春活力。加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关这对老鼠的

19、健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但 是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃华纳说。至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。但是斯潘德尔并

20、不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。”斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物第二十九篇 “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a

21、significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted fo

22、r the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without fo

23、od also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk

24、at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 week. The highest group reported downing at leas

25、t 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 3

26、4 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the

27、 highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, w

28、ith-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing

29、 alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.词汇：cavity n.腔pharynx n.咽pharyngeal adj.咽的esophagus n.食管esophageal adj.食管的larynx n.喉scrub v.擦净，擦掉注释：1. than do those taking thei

30、r libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式3. downed a significant share of their alc

31、ohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）。4. laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到7. in an average week：平均每星期8. up to：高达9. 56 servi

32、ngs of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56 杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。11. high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。 high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。12. was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。练习：1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people A who drink alcohol ou