阅读理解解题指导.docx

1、阅读理解解题指导阅读理解解题指导【专家支招】做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案，它往往与略读综合使用。第

2、一招直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。其常见命题方式有：1、特殊疑问句形式。以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many 等引出的问题；2、是非题。通常以true / false, not true / false 提问以及以according to the

3、text 开头；3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。第二招 略读材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。第三招 按文章的体裁，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词，如for example, first, second 等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查读，寻找有关细节。第四招 将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z型扫

4、读，直到找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对、比较内容，直至找到答案。第五招了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有以下五个特点：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文内容；与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；部分正确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。【试题分析】1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的时候（做判断

5、、推论或结论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。例如：2008陕西省西工大附中第三次模拟试题阅读理解B篇：The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that

6、 trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the worlds most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Money Fund.The system of global rules for in

7、ternational trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed after World War II.As time went by, is became clear that the GATT had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to settle disp

8、utes. After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.Even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of agreements, t

9、here were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2007, The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判，到1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织，其演

10、变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织。45. From the passage we know that the GATT stopped working _.A. soon after World War II ended B. a little more than 50 years after World War II C. just in the year 1994 D. seven years before the Uruguay Round talk46. Compared with the GATT, the WTO _.A. didnt pay enough at

11、tention to services and intellectual propertyB. got its members to sign the agreements more easilyC. has got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectivelyD. can do better to settle disputes in more areas of international trade47. In the new century the WTO will _.A. take the

12、place of the World Bank and International Monetary FundB. have more members and settle more problemsC. make complete new rules in every area of international tradeD. have new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题。其中45题，由文第五段中，After seven years of trade talks endin

13、g in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO作为原句，因此先C。 46题仍由文第五段原句complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property。可以看出选D。 47题问的是“在新世纪，世贸组织将如何？”由文中第六段最后一句The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 me

14、mbers with 30 more waiting to join.可知选B。第六招利用上下文语境线索任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如：1. Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife

15、,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _.A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin分析：本题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。2. In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school libr

16、ary came across the worlds greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechn

17、ique.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.分析：本题正确答案为B。 从短文中对Fermats Last Theorem一书的

18、介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。3. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houngs deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these

19、, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work. 2008浙江绍兴市高三4月教学质量检测卷42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means _.A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to

20、 help othersC. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选B。第七招利用定义和解释性线索阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释方明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to,

21、to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如：1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后

22、面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。2. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。3. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order t

23、o make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs. 分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。4. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科。5.

24、Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。第八招利用因果关系因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such that 等连词体现。1. Answer the following questi

25、ons by using the information taken from a dictionary page. jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.What does the word “

26、jazz” mean in the following sentence?Dont give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.分析：本题正确答案为D。从后面的原因for I am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。2. The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All

27、 of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.分析：melted “溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。3. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking shor

28、t and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。第九招利用对比线索有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rath

29、er than等信息词。1. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”The underlined word “cultivated”(Paragraph 1) roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed分析：本题正确答案为D。 从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。2. One idea about b

30、usiness is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.Which of the following can be used in place of “quite the reverse”?A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlikel

31、y D. Just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思，因此答案应选D。3. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。But引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。4. Unlike the Unite States

32、 where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous.分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。第十招利用同义线索和同等关系同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。1. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, t