初中英语基础语法总结.docx

1、初中英语基础语法总结英语基础语法总结英语语法概要. 英语概述英语是印欧语系(Indo-European language family)中一种语言，也是现代语言中最具影响力的一种语言。目前世界上将英语作为第一语言的人口约有3亿，作为第二语言的约有2.5亿，把英语作为外国语言使用的人口约有5亿。英语逐渐已经成为一种世界信息交流媒介语言。在一千五百年间，英语经历了古英语(Old English)、中世纪英语(Middle English)和现代英语(Modern English)三个发展时期。现代英语的语法和古英语已经是大相径庭。它具有以下三个重要特征：第一，屈折变化形式较少；第二，词汇具有高度开

2、放性。其中很多词汇来自德语和法语；第三，句法灵活多变。. 英国英语和美国英语1.词汇gas/gasolinepetrol baggageluggage packageparcel mailpost moviefilm subwayunderground soccerfootball fallautumn candysweets first floorground floor2.拼写colorcolour favorfavour labor-labour centercentre metermetre theater-theatremarbeledmarbelled travelingtrave

3、lling3.读音 dance class fast past water favor . 词法：1.十大词类(Parts of speech)词类缩写意义和作用句法功能例词实词名词nounn.人或事物的名称主语、表语、宾语和定语John, Beijing, pen, water, life代词pronounpron.代替名词、形容词或数词主语、表语、宾语和定语they, that, both, some形容词adjectiveadj.或a.表示人和事物的性质和特征定语、表语、和补足语happy, young, good, big.动词verbv.表示动作或状态谓语write, have, a

4、re, go数词numeralnum.表示数量或顺序主语、宾语、表语和定语eight, hundred, third, million副词adverbadv.或ad.修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子状语always, very, clearly, hardly虚词冠词articleart.用在名词前，表示名词的特指或泛指限定词a, an, the介词prepositionPrep.表示名词或代词与句子其他词的关系构成介词短语from, on, between, of连词conjunctionConj.连接词、短语、从句或句子and, or, but, if, when感叹词interjecti

5、onInterj.表示喜怒哀乐等情感Oh, hello, aha2.词性的辨认：A.从词的含义看：book, lieB.从句法功能看： water to drink/ to water flowers a paper/to paper a bedrooma round of talks/ to round the world/ a round table/ to sit round the table. 句法1.八种句子成分( members of sentence)A.谓语(predicate): 谓语表明主语的动作或状态。一般由动词或动词短语担任，位置在主语之后。His mother is

6、 a teacher.I want an apple.I often look after my sister.B.主语(subject): 主语为句子的主体，表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。My mother gets up early.He likes playing basketball.Eight plus one is nine.To go swimming this afternoon is a good idea.Walking is a good habit.C.表语( predicative): 表语是在连系动词后表示主语性质、特征、状态或身份的成分。His father

7、is a worker.Lucy is beautiful.My mother and sister are at home.He seems interested in the book.D.宾语( objective): 宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的宾语叫介词宾语。He wears a red coat.I want to go to America.E.补语(complement): 补语用于说明主语或宾语。分别称为宾语补足语和主语补足语。He thinks the girl beautiful.The doctor advised her to have a good re

8、st.You should get on the plane in turn.若动词宾语较长，通常用it做形式宾语代替，而将其移至宾语补足语之后： I found it difficult to finish the task in time.We have made it clear that we disagreed.主语补足语：含宾语补足语的句子在转换成被动语态后，原有的宾语和宾语补足语就变为主语和主语补足语。We found him working in the office. He was found working in the office.F.定语(attributive):

9、定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词。单词做定语一般放在修饰语前面，短语和从句做定语则放在被修饰词的后面。I think Lucy is a polite and pretty girl.They are women pilots.Thats the teaching plan for you to discuss.G.状语(adverbial): 状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。修饰形容词或副词的状语放在修饰词之前。修饰动词的状语有的在前有的在后。如果动词有宾语，则状语一般放在宾语之后。He speaks English very well.We have lived in the cou

10、ntry for two weeks.He gets up early to see a doctor.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go swimming.H.同位语(appositive): 同位语谓语名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。They both catch a cold.There are some apples for you three.We should admit the fact that the climate is getting warmer and warmer.2.句子种类A.按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。其

11、中疑问句中包括一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 Shall we go by bus or by train? He smokes a lot, doesnt he?祈使句分为“动词原形+其他部分”和“Lets+其他部分”两种结构。 Walk on the road, please. Lets go to the park.感叹句结构为what/how+被强调部分+陈述句。What用来强调名词，名词前可以用a/an和形容词修饰，how用来强调形容词或副词。 What a beautiful place it is! How beautiful the place is!B.按结

12、构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句包括五种基本巨句型。there be结构是一种特殊的简单句。并列句的结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”。常用的连词and, so, therefore, not onlybut also, or, otherwise, but, yet, still, however, while.复合句有一个主句加上一个以上从句构成。名 词. 概述1.名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。2.名词的分类：A.专有名词(proper noun):表示人或机构场所等特有的名词。Laura, Europe普通名词(common noun):表示人或事物的名词。desk, army, l

13、ove.B.可数名词(countable noun)不可数名词(uncountable noun)3.名词词义的变化A.glassa glass coppera copper papera paper wooda woodB.youtha youth beautya beauty necessitya necessity C.coffeethree coffees lightlights. 名词的数1.名词复数的规则变化词尾变化方法例词一般情况加-sbird-birds, shop-shops, lake-lakess, x, z, sh, ch加-eschurch-churches, dis

14、h-dishes, class-classes, box-boxes, quiz-quizzes辅音字母+y变y为i再加esfactory-factories, fly-flies, family-families, baby-babieso加-estomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, Negro-Negroes, mosquito-mosquitoes, echo-echoes-f或-fe变-f或-fe为v再加esleaf-leaves, thief- thieves, shelf-shelves, knife-knives, life

15、-lives, haf-halves, loaf-loaves, self-selves, wolf-wolves, calf-calves, wife-wives有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数只加-s,读作/s/。belief-beliefs cliff-cliffs gulf-gulfs proof-proofs reef-reefs chief-chiefs roofroofs有些以-y结尾的专有名词的复数直接加-s。 HenryHenrys boyboys 有些以辅音字母+o结尾的名词复数直接加-s。 pianopianos photo-photos memomemos soloso

16、los 以-oo或元音字母加-o为结尾的词也只加-s。 bamboo-bamboos radioradios ratioratios studiostudios zoozoos videovideos kangarookangaroos cuckoocuckoos2.名词复数的不规则变化A.toothteeth footfeet goosegeese oxoxen mousemice womanwomen manmen childchildren louseliceB.单复同形 cattle buffalo sheep means Chinese Japanese Swiss deer gir

17、affe fish shark craft yuan series species C.datumdata mediummedia crisiscrises analysisanalyses thesistheses phenomenonphenomena D.学科名称，疾病名称或某些活动名称以-s结尾，但常作为单数使用。news mathematics physics politics rabies E.有些名词为自然复数名词trousers glasses scales pants jeans stairs remains fireworks clothes goods greens 3.

18、不可数名词的数不可数名词通常没有复数形式，需要借助单位词来表示一定的数量。a piece of paper a cup of coffee a glass of water a bar of soapa piece of advice a ray of hop 4.集体名词的数Almost every family in the village owns a television.All his family enjoy swimming.常见的集合名词： government enemy club audience army class5.专有名词的数There are eight Toms

19、 in our school.The Greens are coming to dinner. 名词所有格 名词所有格分为两种形式：s 和of1.s属格的构成单词形式构成方式举例普通单数名词在词尾加sLucys book my mothers bag词尾已有-s的复数名词在词尾加the boys basketball 词尾不带-s的复数名词在词尾加sChildrens Day mens room复合名词在最后一个词尾加sthe editor-in-chiefs office表示几个词共同所有在最后一个词尾加sMary and Toms books笔试几个词各自所有在每个词后加sMarys an

20、d Toms books2.of 属格的用法of属格多用于无生命的东西。 the name of the song, the roof of the church选用那种形式不是一成不变的，当表示有生命的名词本身带有定语时，要用of属格。 What is the name of the girl sitting near the door?3.双重属格(of+ s)双重属格of后边的名词一般都表示人，表示此人的某件东西的一个，而不强调所属关系。a friend of mine a photo of Lucys 冠 词. 概述1.冠词不能离开名词使用，通常放在名词之前对名词进行限定。2.冠词分为

21、不定冠词和定冠词两类。不定冠词分为a和an，在以辅音字母开始的名词前用a，在以元音字母开始的名词前用an。定冠词为the。. 不定冠词的用法1.表示“某一个”。There is a tree near the river.2.表示“某一类“A girl should learn to protect herself. / A tree needs sunshine.3.用于首次出现的名词前。There is a book on the table. The book is new.4.用在固定用法和短语中。a couple a quarter a Miss Smith a long time

22、a few in a hurry . 定冠词的用法1.表示特指“某个或某些“。We all go swimming in the river near my shool.2.表示“某一类”。The dog is honest to human being.3.用于第二次出现的名词之前。I bought a book last week. The book is interesting.4.用于某些形容词前表示某一类人。the rich the poor the old the dead the unemployed the Chinese5.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。the sun the

23、moon the earth the sky the universe the world 6.用在序数词前表示顺序。I live on the third floor.7.用在形容词和副词最高级前。He is the tallest boy in our class.8.用在乐器名称前。play the piano play the violin 9.放在姓氏的复数前表示其全家人。The Smiths The Wangs10.用于固定用法和短语中。in the air on the right by the way in the future. 不用冠词的情况1.不可数名词在一般情况下不用冠

24、词。Wisdom is better than strength./ Blood is thicker than water.2.表示交通工具和学科名称的名词前不加冠词。by car by ship by plane on foot English mathematics physics3.节假日、星期、月份和季节前不加冠词。National Day Childrens Day Sunday September spring4.某些固定短语和用法中不用冠词。at home in hospital at table make room for in person on fire代 词.人称代词

25、单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem1.人称代词的用法A.人称代词做主语时用主格，做宾语、表语和单独成分时用宾格。B.在并列主语中，I永远放在最后，you永远放在最前。C.he可以泛指一般人。He who laughs last laughs best.D.She可以用来代表国家、船只、大地和月亮等名词。China will always do what she promised to do.E.it可用来代指baby，打电话或者敲门时也可以用来指人。2.it的特殊用法A.形式主语Its diffi

26、cult to learn English. / Its strange that he is still there.B.形式宾语I found it happy to stay with him. / I think its funny that a dog chases a cat.C.强调结构It was John who broke the window.D.用来指代天气、时间和距离等。Its sunny today. / Its five miles. . 物主代词1.形容词性物主代词单数复数第一人称myour第二人称yourYour第三人称his her itstheirA.形容

27、词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能做定语。B.可以与own连用表强调。This is my own bag.2.名词性物主代词单数复数第一人称mineours第二人称yoursyours第三人称his hers itstheirs名词性物主代词相当于名词，可以单独承担句子成分。Our house is smaller than theirs. ( theirs=their house). 反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself herself itselfthemselves反身代词表示动作发出者将动作反射到自己身上

28、，即句子的宾语和主语是同一对象。She sees herself in the mirror. / She sees her in the mirror. 有关反身代词的一些短语 help yourself shave oneself by oneself for oneself of oneself in oneself. 指示代词 ( this these that those such so)指示代词具有名词和形容词的性质，在句子中可兼具多种成分。1.this, these, that,those指代不确定的人或物，当一旦确定身份后，则用人称代词。This is Miss Chen. S

29、he is my English teacher.2.that和those可以用来指代前边刚提到的东西或事情，译成汉语常译作“这”“这样”。3.such意思为“这样, 这些， 这个”，常和as连用，与冠词连用放在冠词前。Such is life. / Take from the drawer such as you need./ Such men never succeeds./ She is such a girl. . 不定代词1.many和muchmany和much的意思为“许多”，兼具名词和形容词的性质。many用来修饰或代指可数名词复数，much用来修饰或者代指不可数名词。There

30、 are many books on the table. / There is much paper on the table.Many of the problems have been solved. / Much of the money has been spent.2.little, a little, few, a fewA.a little和a few表示“一些”，兼具名词和形容词性质。a little修饰不可数名词，a few修饰可数名词复数。I have a little money. / I have a few apples.B.little和few表达否定意义，意思为“几乎没有