人教版高中英语必修5 五个单元语法知识汇总+练习.docx

1、人教版高中英语必修5 五个单元语法知识汇总+练习 Unit1 -Unit3 过去分词过去分词的用法一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作三、过去分词的用法：1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired.【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：

2、(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到”用 -ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人” 例如：The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.2.做定语 作定语用的过去

3、分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性

4、定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4） 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam.3.作状语作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，

5、一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldnt withdraw for any excuse.B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting.2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如： Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写

6、得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。例如：

7、 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。例如：Grown in rich soil, these

8、seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成，例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son.5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the heros story,moved to tears.【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成连词+过去分词结构作状语. 例如：When

9、given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. After seated in the sofa,he began to feel comfortable. If permitted,he was sure to come with us.4.作宾语补足语：常见的带过去分词作宾补的动词有两类：1）感官动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.例如：I heard the song sung in Englis

10、h. He found his hometown greatly changed. 2）使役动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.例如： Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 注意：使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1） 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. 例如： He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2） 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg bro

11、ken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)5.with +宾语+过去分词结构with +宾语+过去分词结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如: (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all wen

12、t home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4) She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.（表伴随）(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿. （表伴随）分词使用技巧 一、现在分词和过去分词的两大区别：1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。 二、现在分词和过去分词的

13、逻辑主语 逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中的表语（不要理解成句子主语）；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。 如果是动作的发出者，与分词构成主谓关系。如果是动作的承受者，与分词构成动宾关系。（1）作状语时 Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up. the students是seeing的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 Heated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作状

14、语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。（2）作宾补时 I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。（3）作表语时 The film is moving. the film是 moving的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 The visitors looked surprised. the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语

15、是句子主语。（4）作定语时 This is an interesting book. book是 interesting的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 The moved children looked serious. children是 moved的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中） With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. task是completed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 Weather permi

16、tted,well go skiing this Sunday. Weather是permitted的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语 三、确定分词的使用的具体步骤: 1、确定分词的语法成分 2、找准逻辑主语 3、判断主、被动关系 4、选定现在或过去分词一、分词选择填空练习 1. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered2. The ho

17、use was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain.A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated3.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. A) being B) been C) to be D) having been4.Corn originated in th

18、e New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating5. _in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at6. You will see this product

19、_ wherever you go. A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising7. _in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best C) Judged the best D) Judging the best8. From the dates _ on th

20、e plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.A) marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked9. _ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing10. The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrows newspaper.A) writing B) to writ

21、e C) being written D) write11. _ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing12. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _ a stick for support.A) held B) holding C) being holding D)

22、was holding13. _ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting. A) having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated14. _neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of15.

23、 _ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf. A) He is remembered B) While being remembered C) To be remembered D) Though remembered16. _ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A) If walki

24、ng B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking17. A cool rain was falling, _ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed18. _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.A) Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded19. All the exam papers _

25、, the teacher sent the class home.A) having been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in 20. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) FoundedUnit 4 省略句在英语中，有时为了避免 结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法

26、的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：一、简单句中的省略 1）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语，如： What a hot day ! How wonderful! 2） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分，如：Anything else ?Are you feeling better now ? Much better . This way, please.二、

27、并列句中的省略 1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分，如：John must have been playing basketball and Mary doing her homework. 2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略，如： His advice made John happy, but Mary angry. 3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语，如： He gave up drinking for several days, but soon returned to his old ways. 4）在并列复合句中，如果tha

28、t从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同， that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分，如：Jack will dance at the party, but I know Tom wont . 三、复合句中的省略 I） 名词性从句中的省略 （1）作宾语的wh-从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则wh-从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语，如：Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who . He has gone, but no one knows where. （2）引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句

29、中的第一个连词that也能省略，如: He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词：一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order, command)，三建议(suggest, propose, advise )，四要求(demand, require, request, ask) ，如：Janes pale face suggested

30、that she was ill and her parents suggested that she (should)have a medical examination. (4) It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.主语从句中，如: It is necessary that the problem(should) be solved at once. Its important that we (should)speak to the old politely. (

31、5)有时也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分，如： Sorry, Ive kept you waiting so long. II）定语从句中的省略 （1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略，如： The man I saw is called Tom. Where is the pen I bought this morning? （2）关系副词when, where, why及that在the time when, the place where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why和that等，如：I shall never forget the day we first met. The reason he came so early is his own affair. I dont like the way you speak to your mother. III）状语从句中的省略 （1）当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致