1、中考英语数词和名词重难点精讲学习目标1.了解数词分为基数词和序数词:表示“多少”的词叫基数词,如:five。,表示“第几”的词叫序数词,如:third。2.掌握基数词的表达方法:十位数和个位数之间须用连字号“”,如thirty-one,seventy-four;百位数和十位数之间用“and”,如:two hundred and forty-seven。3.掌握序数词的表达方法:词尾一般以与之相应的基数词的词尾加th构成。 (1)特殊形式:first(第一),second(第二),third(第三)。 (2) 4-19中不规则拼法的序数词有:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。
2、 (3)以ty结尾的词,要先变y为i,再加eth,如:twenty -twentieth。 (4)基数词“几十几”变成序数词时,将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变,如:eighty- four eighty-fourth。(5)序数词的缩写形式,由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成,如:first -1st,twenty-third23rd难点突破表示时刻可以照表上数字读,如:8:15读作eight fifteeno还可以用另一种方法表达时间,表示“几点过几分”,用介词past,分数须在30分钟以内(包括30分钟),如:6:20读作twentypast six;表示“几点差几分”,用介词to
3、,分数须在30分钟以上,如:4:58读作two to five。自我测评1. 用英语读出下列内容(1) Room 504 (2) page 64 (3) Exercise 18 (4) Tel: 67834152 (5) Feb 24th (6) Oct 1st2. 朗读下列问题并回答(1) Whats your telephone number?(2) How old is your father?(3) Whens your birthday?(4) Whats the temperature today?(5) When is Childrens Day?3. 将下列词组译成英语(1)
4、二十个桃子 (2) 两杯水 (3) 三年级 (4) 一月九日 (5) 第八课 (6) 一百只蝴蝶 Keys: (1) twenty peaches (2) two glasses of water (3) Grade Three (4) January, the ninth/the ninth of January (5) Lesson Eight (6) one hundred butterflies8. 选词填空(1) Is your birthday on December the (thirty-one, thirty-first)?(2) (nineteenth, nineteen)
5、 children in our class go to school by school bus.(3) My block has (twenty, twentieth) floors. I live on the (twelfth, twelve) floor.(4) Sandy is (second, two) years old. He is (eighty-fourth, eighty-four) centimeters tall.(5) How much is the English dictionary?Its (fifty-eight, fifty-eighth) yuan.(
6、6) It was cold and rainy yesterday. It was (four, fourth) degrees.There were (seven, seventh) millimeters of rain.Keys: (1) thirty-first (2) Nineteen (3) twenty, twelfth (4) two, eighty-four (5)fifty-eight (6) four, seven 一、名词的数专题知识梳理 知识点1:什么是名词?名词是表示人、动物、地点、物品以及抽象概念的词。人:Jerry 杰瑞 artist 画家 singer 歌手
7、 teacher 教师 girl 女孩 boy 男孩动物:dog 狗 lion 狮子 panda 熊猫 shark 鲨鱼 cat 猫地点:airport 机场 park 公园 school 学校 library 图书馆 beach 海滩物品: pen 钢笔 eraser 橡皮 table 桌子 car 汽车 plane 飞机抽象概念:wish 愿望 peace 和平 war 战争知识点2:可数名词和不可数名词1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词可数名词可以数的名词 不可数名词数不清(没有复数) Drink milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porrid
8、ge Food rice bread meat fish fruit cake 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式many + 可数名词复数 much/a little + 不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法: 1)some, much, a little, a lot of,
9、 a bit of, plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of, some, a lot of, lots of, most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 Ill tell you much good news. 我要告诉你许多好消息。 We should collect some useful information. 我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2)用单位词表示。 用a . of 表示。 如a cup of (一杯.),a bottle of (一瓶.
10、) a piece of (一张.),a pair of shoes(一双鞋) 如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸) 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。 如 two hundred students(200名学生) ten thousand trees(10000棵树) 测试点:He caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes) = He caught a lot of fishe
11、s. The paper is about some fresh-water fishes. 这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)知识点3:可数名词分为单数和复数名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。 1)单数 如 a desk(一张桌子) an old desk(一张旧书桌)2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式 规则变化 1)一般情况下加-s如book - books(书)desk - desks(书桌) 2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es 如box - boxes(盒子)bus - buses(公共汽车) 注意: 以 th
12、结尾加-s, month-months stomach - stomachs 3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加- es。 如city-cities(城市) country - countries(国家) 注意以元音+y,直接加s。如:day - days(天),boy - boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife knives(书) , half halves(一半) (thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意: 有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)
13、以o结尾 (1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato tomatoes(西红杮) potato potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano pianos (钢琴), zoo zoos(动物园) photo photos (照片), kangaroo kangaroos(袋鼠), kilo kilos(千克)注意zero 两种方式都可:zero zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化 1) 元音字母发变化。 如man-men(男人),woman-women(妇女) tooth-teeth(牙齿),foot-feet(脚) mouse-mice(老
14、鼠),policeman-policemen(警察) policewoman-policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。 如child-children(小孩),ox-oxen(公牛)3) 单、复数形式相同。 如fish-fish(鱼),sheep-sheep(绵羊),deer-deer(鹿),Chinese-Chinese(中国人),yuan-yuan(元),jinn-jinn(斤) 注意: 不说an English,要说an Englishman. fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。 fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数,实为复数意义。 如people(人
15、,人们) these people (不说a people,可说a person) police(公安,警察) ten police (不说a police,可说a policeman) 5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。 如a man driver men drivers(男司机) a woman doctor women doctors (女医生) 6) 合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如passer-by passers-by(过路人) bus driver bus drivers(汽车司机) 注意如果没有主体
16、名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如: grown-up grown-ups(成年人) letter-box letter-boxes (信箱) *(不规则名词变复数)口诀:男人,女人a变e;鹅,足,牙齿oo变ee;其实老鼠也好记ous变ic;孩子加上ren,鱼鹿绵羊不用记。注意: hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。如Would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果? We bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果, China has so
17、me good fruits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) She has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。 His black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 wind, snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。 注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如 boy student boy students(男学生) girlfriend girlfriends(女朋友) 7) 有些名词只有作复数。 如scissors(剪刀), a pair of scissors
18、(一把剪刀), trousers(裤子), shorts(短裤), jeans(工装裤), compasses(两脚规), scales(天平), sunglasses(太阳镜), surroundings(环境), savings(储蓄), writings(作品) 名词 + man(woman) 构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman) 改成men(women)。 如Englishman Englishmen(英国人) Frenchwoman Frenchwomen(法国妇女) 注意: German不是复合词,它的复数是Germans。二、专题精讲例题1: T
19、here is good _ for you. Ive found your lost watch. A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts答案A。解析 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词,其中A为不可数名词,B、C、D为名词的复数形式,句中用了连系动词is,所以只有A项正确。例题2: My uncle will come to my house for dinner. I want to buy some _ to make a vegetable salad for him. A. meat B. tomatoes C. apple juice答案B。解析
20、下文说制作蔬菜沙拉,故选蔬菜类的tomatoes。例题3: The teacher said we needed to choose three _ for the school concert. A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 答案 D。解析可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“s”。根据school concert可知,需要挑选的是singers。例题4: At night the koala bear gets up and eats _.A. leaf B. leaves C. leafs答案B。解析考查名词leaf的复数形式。 以f或
21、fe结尾的名词在变复数时,一般将f或fe变v后,加es。例题5: The PLA man saved three _ lives in the accident.A. childrens B. children C. child D. childs答案A。解析考查名词所有格的用法。three后接复数children,变名词所有格时直接加“s”,故选A。例题6: Come on, children. Help yourselves to some _ if you like. A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chickenC. fish and chicken
22、s D. fishes and chickens答案A。解析fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。例题7: All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.A. man B. men C. woman D. women答案D。解析由时间on March 8th可知是妇女节,因此是女教师。“女教师”单数形式用woman teacher,复数形式两个词都要变为复数。故选D。例题8: Mr. Smith always has _to tell us.A. some
23、 good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of newes D. some piece of good newes答案A。解析考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”,是不可数名词,所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时,一般放在前面。例题9: Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well. 一Well, Id like to try those blue_.A. pairs B. one C. pant D
24、. pair答案A。解析pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。例题10: Would you like some drinks, boys? Yes, _, please.A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolatesC. some cakes D. two bottles of orange答案 D 解析orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。例题11: Exciting news! We will have _ long holiday after the exam.A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 答案 B。 解析news为不可数名词,其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示,如a piece of,a cup of ,two glasses of three bottles of,etc。
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