广东省届高三英语二轮复习 第四讲 非谓语动词讲义.docx

1、广东省届高三英语二轮复习 第四讲 非谓语动词讲义第四讲 非谓语动词非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。一谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：1. 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。(to have a talk. 不定

2、式作状语) 2谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。(动词用单数第三人称形式)Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形)3非谓语动词的特征：如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语) 4非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。Working

3、under such a condition is terrible.在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语) 5非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。(to have kept.是不定式的完成形式)Seen from the moun

4、tain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from.是分词的被动形式) 6非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用)二非谓语动词的形式变化：不定式的形式：(以动词do为例)三非谓语动词的句法功能名 称语 法 功 能不定式主语;宾语;宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语动名词主语;宾语

5、;表语;定语;状语现在分词宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语过去分词宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语(一) 动词不定式动词不定式主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done否定式：not + to do(1) 一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。To teach English is my job.We plan to pay a visit.He seems to know a lot.The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off.The

6、teacher ordered the work to be done.To catch the first bus, he got up early.(2) 进行式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(3) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.

7、不定式的完成时的特殊用法 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry

8、to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久) 不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。(B)was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish +

9、 不定式完成时， 表示过去未曾实现的愿望。不定式的成分：(1) 作主语To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.(2) 作表语不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be + to do sth

10、.(表示按计划要做的事)Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.作表语的不定式通常带to，当主语部分含有实义动词do，不定式作表语可省to。The only thing I can do is (to)wait.(3) 作宾语：下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford 、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desi

11、re、 ask、beg ,choose, help, plan, pretend, prefer, refuse, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.There is nothing to do but wait.动词不定式与疑问

12、词连用作宾语He gave us some advice on how to learn English. find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to doI find it possible to ask the question(4) 作宾语补足语： 动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。 常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require /

13、tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth. 主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done 主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.总之以下动词使用不定式作宾补：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise

14、, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.有些动词如make, let, have, see, find, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel 与不带to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.get sth / sb. to doHe got the car to start.(5) 作定语：动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下

15、关系： 动宾关系：不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词。He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者，不定式用主动。如果句子的主语不是不定式的执行者，不定式用被动。Have you got anything to send?“Have you got anything to be sent?” said the secretary. 说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is t

16、he first to get here.不定式作定语的特殊用法： 下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.(6) 作状语：不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结

17、果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。 表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.I visited him only to find him out. 表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer. 作独立成分：To tell you the trut

18、h, I dont like the way he talked.总结：特殊用法：remember to do/doingforget to/doingregret to do/doingmean to do/doingtry to do/doingstop to do/doing(7) 不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question. He is bet

19、ter to laugh than to cry.(表示对比) 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game. 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。 Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如：He could not but

20、 walk home.(8) 不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.注: 主语的不定式常用 i

21、t带代替，不定式放在后面。例： It is not easy to learn a foreign language. It is dangerous to play in the street.不定式的否定。not +不定式。例： Tell him not to be late. The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.不定式与疑问词连用,与what, which , how ,where ,when连用。例：The question is when to start. I dont know where to go. He

22、 showed me how to use a computer. Nobody told us what to do.(二) 动名词动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。1. 动名词作主语：Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。Learning from others is important .向别人学习很重要。Putting on more clothes is not so good .多穿衣服不一定好。动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替，而把动名词写在后面。Its no us

23、e waiting here, lets go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。Its very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。2. 动名词作表语The nurses job is looking after the patients.护士的工作是护理病人。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。3. 动名词作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pard

24、on, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit。Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。Do you mind my opening the windows?你介意我打开窗户吗？ She is found of collecting stamp.她喜欢集邮。 下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have tr

25、ouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。 介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。4. 动名词作定语She is studying in the reading room.她在阅览室学习。He slept in the sleeping bag.他在睡袋里睡觉。5. 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词He pretend not knowing

26、it at all.他假装全然不知。We considered not doing it now.我们考虑现在不做这件事。6. 动名词的时态：动名词的一般时动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 I enjoy swimming in the big river.我喜欢在大河里游泳。 I am used to watching TV in the evening. 我习惯于晚上看电视。 动名词的完成时动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 She regret not having studied the computer hard. 她后悔没

27、有努力学习计算机。 Do you remember having promised me that? 你记得给我许愿了吗？7. 动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。His being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。I cant really stand being treated like that. 我简直受不了这样的对待。8. 动名词的几个特殊情况：(1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。能跟动名词的动词有：avoid, con

28、sider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help等。能跟不定式的动词有：decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：love, like, hate, prefer, disli

29、ke, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start等。动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。I like to go with you. 我想和你一块儿去。I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。He promised to help her. 他答应过要帮助她。We love watching VCD. 我们喜欢看VCD。(2) remember, f

30、orget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。I remember meeting him in the street.我记得在街上见过他。 I remember to write a letter to my parents.我想起来要给我父母亲写信。(3) stop + 动名词表示停止动名词所表示的动作，stop + 不定式表示停下来做不定式所表示的动作。 Stop smoking, please.请不要抽烟。 Lets stop to have a rest.咱们停下来休息一下吧。(4) 动名词和分词的区别：动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它