句子成分和句子结构.docx

1、句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构-认识英语句子的构成一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。1 主语主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者，指的是“谁”或“什么事”。常用作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。George is a born leader. （名词）Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）Two of us

2、 will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）What we cant get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）2. 谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，说的是“做什么”

3、或“怎么样”，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。Father cooks very well. My sister has worked in the company for five years.Our school is becoming more beautiful.The World Expo is well organized.3. 宾语宾语是动作的承受者，指的是“做”的内容。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。（1） 单宾语（宾语）可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名

4、词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? （名词、代词）If you put 5 and 7 together, youll get 12, little Tom. （代词）We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）Please stop making noise. （动名词）Do you understand what I mean? （名词性从句）（2） 双宾语双宾语指动

5、词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为：主语 + 及物动词（短语） + sb. + sth.Please tell me how the accident came about.The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.（3） 同源宾语少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。同源宾语前面常有修饰语。laugh a good laugh 大笑 blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击smile

6、a sweet smile 甜甜的微笑 dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦die a brave death 死得英勇 live a happy life 过着幸福的生活4. 表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）She is over fifty, but she doesnt look it. （名词、代词）These students are careful while others are careless. （形容词）The class m

7、eeting was over at last. （副词）Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词）（已形容词化）That is where your mistakes are. （名词性从句）5. 定语定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可

8、分为前置定语和后置定语两种。（1） 前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等。Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）I want to buy some (coffee) cups. （名词）Put the child in the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）You sh

9、ould adapt to the (changing) situation. (现在分词)（2） 后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语），动词的-ing短语，动词的-ed短语，从句等。All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容词短语)I have got something (interesting) to tell every one of you. (形容词)The buildings (around) were badly damaged. (副词)The books (on the

10、top shelf) were just bought. (介词短语)Lets try another way (to do this). (不定式)There is a gentleman (asking to see you). (现在分词短语)Most of the people (invited to the party) were famous scientists. (过去分词)He lost his new pen (that was bought last week). (定语从句)6. 同位语在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释，说明，并且与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位

11、语。同位语常放在被说明的名词或代词的后面，可以用作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American. (名词)This term we each bought an e-dictionary. (代词)They three are all three-good students. (数词)The news that we are having a holiday is true. (同位语从句)7. 状语状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子

12、成分。它可以表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件和让步等关系。可以充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，形容词，名词和从句。At the news, the mother stood there, greatly surprised. （介词短语、副词、形容词）They held the English party in the open air. （介词短语）Just wait a moment; I am dressing myself. （名词）To hear more clearly, she sat in the front of the classroom. （不

13、定式）Finishing all her homework, she surfed the Internet for a while. （现在分词短语）Seen from the top of the hill, the small city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语）Dont leave here until you work out the math problem. （时间状语从句）8. 补足语补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。I saw nobody so I

14、 left. （副词）Youd better keep the books on the desk. （现在分词）The mother didnt allow her daughter alone at night. （不定式）These things should be kept . （介词短语）The coming exam keeps me . （形容词短语）He was elected of the company. （名词）When he arrived, he found all the people . （过去分词）9. 独立成分与句子没有关系或关系不大，独立于句子之外的成分称为

15、独立成分。感叹词，呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。（1）感叹词 感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well, lets end the discussion!There, there! Never mind. Its nothing serious at all.(2) 呼语呼语多独立成分可置于句首，句中或句末。Baby, come here to my side.Ladies and gentleman, Ive got an important announcement to make.(3) 插入语Whats more, their parents allow them to stay

16、 out.Nobody knows it, I think, nobody.To be honest, I knew nothing about it.(4) 悬垂分词Generally speaking, the work was done well.Judging from your accent, you must be from Guangdong.二、五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一、 （主谓）二、 （主系表）三、 （主谓宾）四、 （主谓间宾直宾）五、 （主谓

17、宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains

18、. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,

19、look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everyth

20、ing looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语

21、构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admit

22、s that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,

23、 please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the

24、 bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy. 新

25、方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿

26、色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modi

27、fier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语三、句子的结构根据对句子结构的划分，英语的句子可以划分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。1. 简单句句中只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句中的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。The class are listening to the teacher carefully. (陈述句)Is his brother old enough to join the army? (一般疑问句)How many s

28、tudents are absent today? (特殊疑问句)There are few cars in the parking lot, are there? （反义疑问句）Lets put off the meeting till next week. (祈使句)How hard these students are working! (感叹句)2. 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。（1） 并列句的构成方式1 用并列连词连接，并列连词的前面可加逗号。Some students are interested in climbing and othe

29、rs are fond of swimming.We fished all day, but we didnt catch one.It is raining hard, so we have to stay at home.2 不用连词而用分号连接Hurry up; its getting late!She tried her best; she failed, however.（2）并列句的分类 能够引导由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句的连词有：and和，而；neither nor 既不 也不；not only but (also) 不仅而且;both and .和都；then

30、然后。The bell rang and the students rushed into the classroom.Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teachers sang songs. 可连接两个并列句，含有转折关系的连词有：but但是；yet然而，可是；while然而；however然而；still但是；whereas然而，而；nevertheless然而。 I think he wanted to speak, but I did not hear. He worked hard, yet he failed to pass the test. The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list. Some of the students are hardworking whereas some are lazy. 能够引导由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有：or 或者，