Legal English 3B.docx

1、Legal English 3BLegal English Ch.3 Old-fashioned and Old Use Adverbs and Modal Verbs in Legal Documents一、法律文书中的古旧副词：我们可以觉察到词根为here, there的古旧副词在法律文书中，尤其是合约条文中广泛应用。所谓古旧副词，主要以here、there、where为词根，然后与-after, -by, -in, -before, -of, -to, -under, -with, -about, -among, -around, -at, -for, -from, -on, -upon

2、等介词合成的副词，如：hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith; thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereon, etc.这种使用现代英语中基本淘汰的古旧副词的现象，在法律英语中源远流长, 可追溯到公元

3、约1100年以前的古英语，其在英联邦国家的商业合约中更是历来如此（在美加的法律文书中其使用频率较低），其意义和用法在现代英语中虽已属古旧行列，但在法律英语中仍较普遍，如下例：例1. No failure or delay by either of you in exercising any right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise preclude any other or further exercise the

4、reof or the exercise of any other right, power or privilege. The remedies provided herein are not to be exclusive of any other remedy and each and every remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity, by statute or ot

5、herwise.（贵方任何一家公司在行使本契约的权利、权力或特权时的失误或延误都不得被当作对该等权利、权力或特权的弃权；对任何该等权利、权力或特权的单独行使或部分行使并不排除其他的或将来的对该等权利、权力或特权的行使。本契约中规定之补救措施并不排除任何其他的补救措施，每一项补救措施应是累积的（附加的），应视为对根据本契约项下规定之补救措施，或现在或本契约签订之后的普通法、衡平法、成文法或其他法律所赋予的每项其他补救措施之补充。）总共90个词的句子中，竟然用了六个此类副词，可谓到了极致。汉译英时准确适度使用此类法律英语中的专门用语，往往能使行文简洁明了，含义准确无误，既能避免重复，又能准确表达原

6、意，不出现歧义，使译文合乎法律文件的要求，本节将讨论其在翻译过程中的处理方式。由于这些古旧副词基本上都是合成词，故在翻译时可采用“分拆 + 合成 + 还原”之法处理，即将该副词拆散成两个原形词加以考虑，然后将其意思合成，再通过逻辑推理，将其原来省略而避免重复之内容加以还原成现代英语，得出符合上下文、能自圆其说的现代译文。如上段中的hereafter, 即将该词分拆成here及after，实际顺序是after+here，而在合约文类中，here包括或含指的范围比较广泛，通常指整个合约，here经常系指(this Agreement, Contract, Deed, Covenant, etc.，

7、视情况而定)，hereafter就还原成after this Agreement, Contract, Deed, etc.,然后进行适当增词，译为“本契约（签订）之后”。但请注意hereafter这个词有两种意思：hereafter = (1) henceforth (从此以后)；（2）at some future time （在将来某个时候）。存在这两种意思可能使该词引起歧义，如规定一项法律“effective hereafter”（随即生效）。这个意思更准确的表述是“effective with the passage of this Act” （本法案于通过时生效）或“after th

8、e date this Act takes effect”（本法案生效之日后生效）。第（1）个含义是hereafter 更常用的意思。hereinafter = in a part of this document that follows or later in the same Agreement, Contract, Deed, Covenant, etc.（在下文，以下），一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, referred to, called等词组连用，以避免重复。如：“The parties have stipulated that

9、an exchange of telegrams hereinafter referred to constitutes the contract.”（双方约定下文提到的交换电报使合同成立。）在美国，hereinafter 一词通常被省略，因为人们认为它并没有使意思更明确，例如人们一般说“later in this will”（本遗嘱下文）或“later in this paragraph”（本款下文）而不用“hereinafter”。正是因为“hereafter”和“hereinafter”可能指某一款。某一文或整个文件，由于不清楚它们究竟指哪个，从而会引起歧义，美国倡议用英文起草法律文件时

10、，要避免使用此类法律术语。又如hereunder可分拆成here及under，实际顺序为under+here，故hereunder就还原成under this Agreement, Contract, Deed, Covenant, etc.，就可顺理成章的译为“本契约项下”；依此类推，hereby, viz. by means of (by reason of ) this Agreement, Contract, Deed, Covenant, etc. 即可译为“根据本合约”、“特此”、“兹”等意。常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。Hereto 则

11、表示to this Agreement, Contract, Deed, Covenant, etc. （至此，对此），同理像herein （此中，于此）, hereof （关于此点，在本文件中）等“here”与其他介词组成的复合词均可照此类推。而以there-开头的，如上文中的thereof则可分拆为there + of，实际顺序是of + there，而there-在合约文类中包含的范围往往较窄，通常指“该条款的”或该条款中、在该词之前刚刚提到过的那件事物，而不是“该合约的”；故而上段中的两个“thereof” 均为 of the right , power, or privilege u

12、nder this Agreement。翻译时将其分拆成thereof = of + there = waiver of any right, power or privilege under this Agreement（对该权利、权力或特权的放弃）第二个thereof= of + there = further exercise of any right, power or privilege under this Agreement (对该权利、权力或特权的进一步行使)。由此可见，法律英语中以thereof一词避免了一连串名词的多次重复，但是按汉语的表达方式，这些名词必须重复出现，没有什

13、么词可以使之简化或取而代之。同理其他以there-开头的副词，皆可依此类推，如therein： in that； in that particular context； in that respect, etc., 在那里；在那点上，在那方面等。如：例2. All operations necessary for the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein shall, so far as compliance with the requirements of the Contra

14、ct permits, be carried on so as not to interfere unnecessarily or improperly with （在合同许可的范围内，在工程施工、完工及缺陷维修过程中所必须的一切操作（施工），在进行时均应对下述方面遭受不必要和不恰当的）句中therein = in the Works （在工程中），the remedying of any defects therein 修补工程中的缺陷又如thereafter： after that. 此后。如：例3. He was very ill as a child and was considere

15、d delicate thereafter. （他幼年多病，其后一向被认为弱不禁风。）thereafter: after that illness例4. The Contractor shall, during the execution of the Works and thereafter, provide all necessary superintendence as long as the Engineer may consider necessary for the proper fulfilling of the Contractors obligations under the

16、 Contract.（只要工程师认为是为正确履行合同规定的承包人义务所必需时，承包人应在工程施工期间及其后，提供一切必要的监督。）thereafter: after the execution of the Worksduring the execution of the Works and thereafter: 在工程施工期间及其后试译下句：例5. Should any Party be directly prevented from executing this Agreement or be delayed in performing this Agreement by any eve

17、nt of force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, the happening and consequences of which are unpreventable and unavoidable, the affected Party shall notify the other Parties without delay and, within (15) days thereafter, provide detailed information

18、 regarding the events of force majeure and sufficient proof thereof, explaining the reason for its inability to perform or the delay in the execution of all or part of this Agreement. thereto: to that 如：例6. Instructions for the issuance of credits, the credits themselves, instructions for any amendm

19、ents thereto and the amendments themselves shall be complete and precise.(开立信用证的指示、信用证本身、有关对信用证修改的指示及其修改书本身，必须完整、明确。)any amendments thereto: any amendments to the credits 对信用证的修改thereto 有时与with respect to及relating to等词连用，形成变体形式：with respect thereto 和relating thereto等,如：例7. In the event that such tax

20、es, tariffs or duties are assessed against Consultant, Client shall reimburse Consultant for any such amounts paid by Consultant or, prior to the payment of such amounts by Consultant, provide Consultant with valid tax exemption certificates with respect thereto. （如果该等税收、关税或税项向顾问征收，则客户须偿还顾问缴纳的该等税款，或

21、在顾问缴纳该等税款前，向顾问提供该等税款予以豁免的有效证明。）“with respect thereto”= with respect to such amounts （有关该等税款），valid tax exemption certificates with respect thereto可译为：“该等税款予以豁免的有效证明”。例8. All intellectual property rights subsisting in or used in connection with the Project, including all the documents and manuals rel

22、ating thereto, and including all intellectual property rights owned by Party B prior to the execution of this Contract as well as all intellectual property rights acquired or created by Party B during the term of this Contract, are and shall remain the sole property of Party B and/or its possible li

23、censor(s).（项目固有的或与项目相关使用的一切知识产权，包括有关知识产权的一切文件和手册，及包括乙方在本合同签署之前拥有的一切知识产权和乙方在本合同期间获得或创立的一切知识产权，现在是，以后仍然是乙方和或其可能的许可人的独家财产。）“relating thereto”= which relate to the intellectual property rights（有关知识产权的）therewith: with that 以此；此外例9. Before submitting his Tender, the Contractor shall be deemed to have insp

24、ected and examined the Site and its surroundings and information available in connection therewith and to have satisfied himself ( so far as is practicable, taking cost and time into consideration) as to: (a) the form and nature thereof, including the sub-surface conditions.In connection therewith:

25、in connection with the Site and surroundings与工地和环境有关的（资料） the form and nature thereof: the form and nature of the Site and surroundings工地和环境的形状及其性质总之，以there词根合成的这类副词所指的事物范围通常比以here为词根的合成词所指的较为狭窄、较为具体，通常不会指整个合约，而是指该有关条款中的某一个特定事件或时间等。在翻译时，是否一律皆要将此类古旧副词译成对应的中文，须具体情况具体分析，有的非译不可，有的可以不译，要视情况灵活对待，如：例10. Pa

26、rty A has full legal right, power and authority to execute and deliver this Contract and all of the agreements and documents referred to in this Contract to which Party A is a party and to observe and perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder.此例中的here = this Contract; there = the agreements a

27、nd documents，翻译时必须加以还原，译为“本合同”和“该等协议和文件”，即把这几个词重复译出。（甲方在法律上有充分的权利、权力和权限签署和交付本合同及本合同中提及的该方为一方的所有协议和文件，遵守并履行本合同及该等协议和文件规定的义务。）例11. Associated items shall mean those associated items and services specified in Exhibit “C” which is attached hereto and made a part hereof.据上下文推测，本例中的here = the Agreement .须

28、加以还原成“本协定”，不可省却。（附属项目是指C表中规定的附属及服务项目，C表附属本协定且为本协定的一部分。例12. The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporations respective invoices therefor, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an amount equal to the taxes and duties.本

29、例中的there = respective invoices issued by the Corporation for the Purchaser 因发票是卖方（公司）为其销售的货物所出具的，人人皆知，故翻译时不必画蛇添足译为“收到公司为其出售的货物所出具的发票后”，故可省略不译。here = this Agreement，上下文中因“业已到期的应付的所有款项”已含“本合约下”之意，亦可略去不译，不会导致任何文意上的曲解或遗漏。（收到公司的各种发票后，买方必须立刻付给公司业已到期应付的所有款项，包括各种税收费用在内，不得有例外。）例13. If , after the signing of

30、this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regu

31、lation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a partys economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party本例中的“thereof”在这里所表示的是前面的假设情况，并不涉及任何具体的法律、法规、法令或条例，在句子上下文意思清楚的情况下可以忽略不译。（如果本协议签

32、署之后，中国国家、省、市或地方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例，修改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款，或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释或采取不同的实施办法，导致与本协议相冲突，或对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利影响，受影响的一方经书面通知另一方后）课后练习：下面对中国合同法中的两句译得不是很到位，请尝试用古旧副词对其加以改造：1. 第五条 当事人应当遵循公平原则确定各方的权利和义务。译文：Parties shall adhere to the principle of fairness in designating each partys rights and obligations. (用thereto)2. 第六条 当事人行使权利，履行义务应当遵循诚实信用的原则。译文：Parties shall adhere to the principle of honesty and trust worthiness in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.（用thereof）英译汉（注意古旧副词的处理）：3. No claim shall be recoverable hereun