GMAT考试SC语法大全.docx

1、GMAT考试SC语法大全知识点漏洞：having done A) having done和having been done都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！ 在SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语。必错！B) having done和having been done做后置定语，必错！having done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句having been done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句C) having done和having been done用于“with独立主格”中必错！指with+ sb./sth+ having done/ha

2、ving been done这种情况D) When/After having done 必错！“主语，having done, 谓语” （correct）-非限制性定语倒装：-全部：1. 介词开头；2. 形容词开头； 3. 分词开头（doing/done）-部分：1. No soonerthan, Hardlywhen和Not until.；2. Only when； 3. If 虚拟；4. So/Such.that.; 5. 时间频率的词开头（often, many a time）; 6. “形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句；7. 否定副词开头（never, n

3、ot, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）One of./the only one of.:Horatio is one of those people who are late for everything.Horatio is the only one of those people who is late for everything.confidence 后面加that 同位语从句n + more + adj (correct)more than times as many

4、/much + n. as. (correct) times as +adj + as. (correct)times adj-er +than.(correct) times + the + n (correct)分词的使用：(1) 当done在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;(2) 当doing在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；(3) 当doing在句尾且前有逗号时, 修饰邻近句子的主语, 做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果. 因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词(4) 当doing/done在句中且前无逗号, 修饰前面紧邻名词;(5) 当doing/done在句中且前后

5、都有逗号, 有歧义: 这种结构在GMAT必错！ （夹心修饰）-修饰前面紧邻的名词-向后修饰后面句子的主语in the year 现在完成时， early in the year 过去完成时What C is to D, that A is to B = A is to B what C is to Drather是副词 , 后面不能加不定式： rather to do (X)make /feel/believe/find it + adj to do/ that从句 (it只能指代to do/that.)虚拟语气：that 一定不能省，should一定不要加 当sth.作主语时注意 sth t

6、akes sb some time to do 后面不加宾语: Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years

7、 to complete.【句尾同位语】和【,V-ing】或【with独立主格】结构不可随意互换，同位语是句尾名词的定语，后二者是主句的伴随状语，意味着与主句同时发生的另一件事such that (X)being + adj. (X)at a time when in an era when a period when an age in which the year that A phenomenon in which a means to do = method for/of doing appear as = show up as 揭露，露出 appear to do/appear to

8、 have been 看起来像总结：有三种结构在句首时，需要考虑逻辑主语是否合适： 【V-ing, SVO】 【介词+ V-ing, SVO】 【To do, SVO】 【-ed, SVO】 a group of pl.(n) + 单数谓语pronounce A B, declare A B, consider A B只有出现 no/not才是否定句，（nor/neither/never）都不是Eg：Ive never been to USA and Australia.Its numbers are now five times greater than.（numbers不用more, fe

9、wer, less修饰）逗号不能连接完整的主谓结构，要用分号；句1；句2； and 句 3 Be descended fromassist.in doingBy+ doing(by imitating and practicing)和by+noun(by imitation and practice)的区别还是在于doing和noun之间: doing为动名词形式描述的是动作的发生，noun则是对动作的单纯描述Very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlanti

10、c flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so. date at 追溯到多少年 (old)Just as 句子, so 句子 Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称Just as 句子, as 句子 Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称Just as 句子, so too 句子- 主句部分倒装(s

11、o too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reapExplain与because 语义重复前一分句用to do, 后一分句也尽量用to doEg: The best way to build a house, but the most popular method now is to do (不用that, doing)Eg: The only way to know is to take the plunge. 状语从句的省略：状语从句的主语一定要是主句的主语，即状语从句动作的逻辑主语是主句主语。状语从句中的working verb一定是be动词

12、，但不要求主句的working verb也是be动词。所以，状从省略可看为状从中省略了主语和be动词，且同省同留。形式：(1) 正确形式: 表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/while/if/unless/although/even though/even if) + 形容词短语/-ing短语/-ed短语(逻辑主语等于句子主语) (所以when a child/ when children是错的； if + n.也是错的)(2) 错误形式: 表示时间/条件/转折的连词 + 介词短语/名词短语 (although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是错的)

13、 (OG10-69)(3) 特殊情况: once可以加介词短语/名词短语; whatever可以加名词短语当对一个人使用名号的时候，直接用名号 加人名”Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk”，不用定从who is，和同位语, 因为啰嗦用法：(1)当职位、称号前是定冠词时，不用逗号Eg: The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.(2)如果前面有不定冠词，用逗号Eg: A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonio

14、us Monk(3)如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，用逗号Eg: Creative and original, Thelonious Monk(4)如果前面无任何冠词，只有称号，不用逗号Eg: Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious MonkDirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do.对主谓宾全的句型主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）介宾比较： A do sth o

15、f C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）宾语比较： A do C1 than C2. (C1C2为对等名词）状语比较： A do sth than usual/ever /before/people expected (直接加状语）It is expected that.不简洁It is the expectation that. 不简洁Contrary to +抽象名词 (ideas, opinions, actions ）在句首，不需要平行Compared with A，B/In contrast (with/to) + n 需要平行E: do

16、minating是夹心修饰, 修饰对象不明，既可以向前修饰Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system，也可以向后修饰Bartk主从句对位指代：如果主从句主语相同，1.那么当主句在前时，主句主语要用名词，从句主语要用代词；2.当从句在前时，从句主语可以用名词也可以用代词： A）当从句主语用代词时，主句要用名词 B）当从句主语用名词时，主句主语用代词（指代从句主语）If引导的条件句，“主将从现”。现实条件不能和虚拟条件混用！(og12) 123. She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York

17、compared to her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.(A) She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to (B) Being le

18、ss successful after she had emigrated to New York as compared to(C) Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in(D) Although she was less successful after emigrating to New York when compared to(E) She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in(Being +adj,

19、句子) 结构错误！应去掉beingso that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样so as to do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误（用于主系表结构）enough to do, so/suchthat, so/suchas to do三者都表示结果, 区别在于: enough to do表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用; so/such.that不用考虑逻辑主语问题; so/such.as to do逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用such that.错！; enough + “that / so

20、as to / so to / so that” 全错！倍数表达法1、twice的用法：twice as manyas; twice as muchas; twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句; 2、用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple -这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记

21、住这句话就可以）3、times (或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;4、sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省) 如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack5、表达倍数用“ times +adj.er +than, time as +adj.+as”都正确二、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：i. x times(twice) + the + n.

22、 (twice还能做determiner)ii. x times adj. (比较形式) thaniii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配A do x times as adj. x as B do iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)v. x-foldvi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextupleannounce (that). 可省略; announce to do 错！it不能指代介词短语, it只可以指代“主语从句”和“不定式结构”: It is diffi

23、cult to do this research. It is important that we finish on time. 在这两个例子中it分别指代to do this research和that从句Not only.but also:not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装 Eg: Not only does the sun give us light but also (it) gives us heat. （如果主语为同一人，可以省略）不能用于否定句中not only 不能分开使用，但 but also 却可以分开使用 (表转折)Eg: The area

24、 was not only hit by an unexpected heavy rain, but some bridges were also washed away.谓语动词的数应与but also后主语的数保持一致Not only 变体：not just, not merely, not simply, not solelyN + that.N, which.Although 引导的从句，后面必须加“完整的主谓”！ Due to.与with the result连用 = wordyThe fact that.= wordy现在完成时与现在进行时连用 （X）these可单独做主语，但不能

25、单独做直接宾语It 和that无法指代前面整个句子this, those不可单独指代，后面需要加具体名词(1)名词.when 代词.(2) When 名词, 代词. When 代词., 名词.date to.后面有ago date at.后面有oldthrough和by的区别：表示“通过做B达成了A（A已经做到）”时倾向于through，表示“通过做B做A(A还在被做)”时倾向用by简洁有效，谓语动词后直接加形容词作补语;如果能用名词替代一个名词性从句，优先选名词(比如something, probability, likelihood等)Possibility与perhaps重复！Few是否

26、定含义，用or不用and240+0.05(x-800)=450R + 0.06R = 530R = 500500 + (0.05)500 = 525She saved 5 dollars Key: D what it claims 作主语 Key: D at.rather than at.平行。 A不平行，wrist前面少介词Key: E function asKey: E which修饰bearsKey: E assist in doingKey: A 两层平行关系CR： 我吃饭 = 我长高削弱：1）吃饭不能长高；2）我可能是通过别的途径长高的支持：1）我不吃饭=我长不高；2）饭里的营养物质

27、能够促使我长高RC: 观点1考点：作者对观点1持什么态度观点1的逻辑考点：我们可以推测这句话说明什么？转折（观点2）考点：这句话在文中的作用是？例子考点：作者举这个例子的作用是？观点3考点：我们可以推测作者认为？知识点疑惑：not as.as. (correct) GWD-7-Q32GWD-10-Q29far better known for sth. with.than with.(since-现在完成时)（the Sun vs. the Moons）不平行Since-现在完成时； have increased difficulty in doingUnlike, aside from, besides, other than A, B (A和B需要平行)Favors -a political climate that