西方经济学考试复习参考.docx

1、西方经济学考试复习参考第一题 1、请列举三个你在大学生活中重要的权衡取舍的例子。答：1大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资与积累社会经历的时机； 2在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习经济学，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间； 3对于不多的生活费的分配问题同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。1、Give three examples of important tradeoffs that you face in your collage life.Answer:we love to

2、 get one thing,and ofen have to give up another things.That is to make a decision between two targets is to tradeoff between two targets.(1)After graduating from college,we are face with two choices,to stay in school for further education or to work.(2)The learning content is also faced a very impor

3、tant trade-off. For example, if we study economics, we have to spend less time on English and other courses. (3)For the distribution of living expenses is also faced trade-off. If we spend more money in buying books, we have to reduce the expense on eating, clothes or other aspects.第二题 经济学分为哪两个领域？解释

4、每个领域各研究什么。答：1经济学分为微观经济学与宏观经济学两个分领域。 2微观经济学研究经济中的个表达象，家庭与企业如何作出决策以及他们在市场上的相互交易；宏观经济学研究经济总表达象，包括通货膨胀、失业与经济增长。2、What are the two subfields into which economics is divided? Explain what each subfield studies?Answer: (1) economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.(2) micro

5、economics study individual phenomena of the economy,families and businensses on how to make decisions as well as their mutual trade in the market; macroeconomices study the overall economy phenomenon,including inflation,unenployment and economy growth.第三题 实证表述及标准表述的差异是什么？各举出一个例子。二区别：1二者的概念不同：实证表述是描述

6、性的，是关于世界是什么的表述；而标准表述是是命令性的，是关于世界应该是什么的表述。2二者判断其正确性的方法不同：实证表述与标准表述的主要差异是我们如何判断他们的正确性。从原那么上说，我们可以通过检验证据而确认或否认实证表述如经济学家要评估上述实证表述的例子，可以通过分析最低工资数据的变动以及不同时间段而导致的失业状况的变化来判断； 而标准表述的判断不仅涉及事实数据，还要涉及价值观的问题如要评估上述标准表述的例子，就不能仅仅通过事实数据，还要考虑道德标准、宗教信仰、伦理哲学。还要考虑道德标准、伦理哲学等价值观问题。Answer: (A) For example:Positive statemen

7、ts: Minimum wage laws cause unemployment.Normative statements: The government should raise the minimum wage.(B) The differences:The difference between the two concepts: Positive statements are descriptive，claims about how the world is; And normative statements are commands, claims about how the worl

8、d ought to be. two different methods to determine its correctness: Positive statements and normative statements, the main difference is how we judge their validity. In principle, we can confirm or refute postive statements by examining evidence (such as economists might evaluate the above-mentioned

9、examples of positive statements by analyzing data on changes in minimum wages and changes in unemployment over time); The normative statements of the judge not only factual data, but also issues related to values (for example, to evaluate the normative statements of the above examples, we can not si

10、mply by the fact that the data, but also consider the ethics ,religious, political philosophy.). 第四题 为什么决策者应该考虑鼓励问题？答：1鼓励：是一种引起需要，激发动机、指导行为有效实现目标的心理活动过程。通俗理解：调动个体行为积极性。2因为人们通过比拟本钱及收益来做决定，所以他们的行为也会随着本钱及收益的变化而变化。也就是说，人们会对鼓励做出反响。公共决策者应该从不忘记鼓励，如果政策改变了鼓励，改变了及人们自身相关的本钱及收益，那么它将使人们改变自己的行为；3当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策

11、的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。政策往往可能会产生一些人们没有明显预想到的影响。当分析任何政策时，都要不仅考虑到它的直接效果，而且要考虑到它通过鼓励产生的间接效果。如果政策改变了鼓励，它将使人们改变自己的行为。所以作为决策者应该充分考虑鼓励问题。Answer: (1) incentive: a rise to the needs of the motivational and guide behavior to achieve its objectives and effective process of mental activity. Popular understan

12、d: to mobilize the enthusiasm of individual behavior. (2) Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, their behavior may change when the costs or benefits change. That is, people respond to incentives. Public policymakers should never forget about incentives, if the policy change

13、incentives, to change the people themselves associated with the costs and benefits, then it will allow people to change their behavior; (3) When the policymakers failed to consider how their policies affect incentives, they often end up with results they did not intend. Policies can have effects tha

14、t are not obvious in advance. When analyzing any policy, we must consider not only the direct effects, but also the indirect effects that work through incentives. If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior. Therefore, as policy makers should take full account of i

15、ncentive problems. 第五题 什么因素决定买者对某一物品的需求量1. 价格。一个决定因素便是价格。需求量随着价格的上涨而下跌。需求量及价格之间呈反比关系。在其他条件一样，当一种商品的价格上升，需求量就会下降。当价格下降时，需求量上升。除了价格之外，还有其他因素影响着需求量。2. 收入。收入低意味着你的总花销要减少，那么在日常必需品上的开销就要减少。如果因为收入减少而导致对某些物品的需求量减少，这类物品就被称作是normal good.如果因为收入的减少导致对某些物品的需求量增加，这类物品就被称为是inferior good.3. 相关商品的价格。当某一物品价格下降导致另外一种物

16、品需求量的减少，这样的物品叫做代替品。当替代品的价格上升时，该物品的需求量就会增加。反之，那么会减少。当某一物品价格下降导致另外一件物品的需求量增多，这样的物品叫做补充品。当补充品的价格上升时，该物品的需求量就会减少。反之，那么会增加。4. 税收。如果某一物品的价格不变，而政府提高了人们在购置该物品时的税收，那么该物品的需求量就会减少。反之，该物品的需求量就会增大。5. 预期。你对未来的预期可能会影响你对今天的产品或效劳的需求。如果你预期明天价格会上升，你可能更愿意今天在这样一个价格下去购置，但是如果你预期明天的价格下降，你可能不太愿意购置。6. 购置者人数。当购置者数量增加时，该物品的市场需

17、求量将会增加。果。如果政策改变了鼓励，它将使人们改变自己的行为。所以作为决策者应该充分考虑鼓励问题。5. What determines the quantity of a good that buyers demand?1. Price. One determinant plays a central rolethe price of the good. The quantity demanded falls as the price rise as the price falls. The quantity demanded is negatively related to the pri

18、ce. Other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded rises.In addition to the price of goods, there are other factors that influence demand.2. Income. A lower income means that you have less to spend in total

19、, so you would have to spend less on some and probably most goods .If the demand for a good falls when income falls, the good is called a normal good. If the demand for a good rises when income falls, the good is call on inferior good.3. Price of related goods.When a fall in the price of one good re

20、duces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes. When a fall in the price of one good raises the demanded for another good, the two goods are called complements. When the complements of the price of goods rise, it is to reduced quantity demanded. On the contrary, it increased

21、 demand.4. Taxes. If the prices of goods unchanged, while the government has raised peoples taxes when you purchase it, then the demand for goods will be reduce. On the contrary, it will be increase.5. Expectations.Your expectations about the future may affect your demand for a good or service today

22、. If you expect to the price of one good to rise tomorrow, you may be more willing to buy it at todays price, but if you expect the price of one good to fall tomorrow, you may be less willing to buy it.6. Number of buyer.When the number of buyer of buyers increase, the quantity demanded in the marke

23、t would be higher at every price.第六题 列举并解释决定需求价格弹性的主要因素。需求价格弹性是指，需求量对价格的影响。根据经历，我们可以看出什么决定需求价格弹性的一般规那么。1.性能相似的替代品。具有性能相似性的替代品的物品的需求价格弹性更大一些，因为消费者可以更容易的去选择替代品来到达自己的目的。2. 必需品及奢侈品。必需品一般需求价格弹性小，而奢侈品的需求价格弹性大。当生活必需品的价格上涨时，人们不会明显改变对必需品的需求数量。相反，当奢侈品的价格上涨时，对奢侈品的需求量会大幅度下降。3. 对市场的定义。狭义上的市场往往比广义的市场需求更具有弹性，因为它更容

24、易找到替代品。4. 时间范围。商品往往在较长的时间范围内具有弹性。当汽油上涨，汽油的需求量在最初的几个月只是轻微下降，。随着时间的推移，人们购置更省油的汽车，改乘公共交通，并搬到离他们的工作地点更近的地方。几年内，汽油的需求量大幅度下降。物品往往随着时间变长而需求更富有弹性。因为在长期中人们有充分的时间来改变自己的消费嗜好与消费构造。6. List and explain some of the determinants of the price elasticity of demand.The price elasticity of demanded measures how much th

25、e quantity demanded responds to a change in price. Based on experience, we can state some general rules about what determines the price elasticity of demand.1. Availability of close substitutes.Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demand because it is easier for consumers to switch

26、 from that good to others.2. Necessities versus luxuries.Necessities tend to have inelastic demand, whereas luxuries have elastic demands. When the price of necessities rises, people will not dramatically alter the numbers of necessities. By contrast, when the price of luxuries rise, the quantity of

27、 luxuries demanded falls substantially.3. Definition of the market.Narrowly defined markets tend to have more elastic demand than broadly defined markets, because it is easier to find close substitutes for narrowly defined goods.4. Time horizon.Goods tend to have more elastic demand over longer time

28、 horizons. When the price of gasoline rise, the quantity of gasoline demanded falls only slightly in the first few months. Over time, however, people buy more fuelefficient car, switch to public transportation, and move closer where they work. Within several years, the quantity of gasoline demanded

29、falls substantially.Objects over time is often longer and demand more elastic. Because in the long run, people have enough time to change their spending habits and consumption structure.第七题 如果需求是富有弹性的，价格上升会如何改变总收益，请举例说明。1、如果需求是有弹性的，价格上升就会使总收益减少。If demand is elasitic,the increasing of price will decr

30、ease total revenue.2、从弹性需求曲线中可以看出，需求曲线富有弹性，在这种情况下，价格上涨引起的需求量减少的比例更大，总收益就会减少。With an elastic demand curve,an increse in the price leads to a decrease in quantity demanded that is proportionately larger.Thus,total revenue decreses.For example,if price rises from 4 dollars to 5 dollars,which causes the

31、 quantity demand to reduce from 50 to 20,the total revenue is reduced from 200 dollars to 100 dollars.第八题 谈谈你对最低工资法的看法。1、最低工资法是政府人为干预劳动市场的一种方式。 Minimum wage laws is a way that government intervention the labor market. Such an intervention would impede the spontaneous operation of market mechanisms.2

32、、人为规定的最低工资高于劳动力市场的均衡工资，就会减少对劳动力的需求，结果是失业人数反而增加。 But if the minimum wage is higher than equilibrium wage,it would reduce the demand of labor, and the unemployment increases on the contrary.3、所以，不仅实施最低工资法对减轻贫困没有帮助，而且会扭曲资源配置Therefor,not only the implementation of the minimum wage laws for lightening poverty is not useful,but also distorts the allocation of resources.第九题 列出国内生产总值的四个组成局部，各举一个例子。(例子大家可以参考书本第十章)国内生产总值分为四个局部：消费，投资，政府支出与净出口。1消费。消费是指家庭花费在商品与效劳上的费用。