英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary.docx

1、英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summaryU1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people” VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2.3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communication Cultural value, world view , social organizati

2、ons.3.What is globalization?Globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,companies,andgovernmentsofdifferentnations。aprocessdrivenbyinternationaltradeandinvestmentandaidedbyinformationtechnology.Thisprocesshaseffectsontheenvironment,onculture,onpoliticalsystems,oneconomicdevelopm

3、entandprosperity,andonhumanphysicalwell-being in societiesaroundtheworld.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication? (1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having common requirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Lan

4、guage differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians and symbolsgesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable” may cause U.S.students to keep their distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to app

5、rove or disapprove ,to statements and actions of other person or group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, bel

6、iefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations. What are the five basic needs for human beings? (1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others

7、and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach ones full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked? (1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by.

8、 Values tell us how to weigh the worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on

9、 subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value belief attitude. For exa

10、mple , you have an attitude toward eating raw fish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause u

11、npleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?1context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the comm

12、unication norms2participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols, receiverswho process and react the massages.3Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings4Channels :a variety of sensory channels5Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.6Feedback : the verbal and nonve

13、rbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.

14、What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings. Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings-s

15、ymbols/massages-ideas and feelings Encoding decoding 6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise?external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw peoples attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feeling

16、s that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communicatio

17、n? Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any cultures value system? (1)what is the character of innate human nature?-human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?-the relationship of man

18、 to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?-sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?-social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on

19、 uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treated youself.,learn to b

20、e sensitive to others feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering. 3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures? For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they

21、built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenescentral social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does

22、not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values? The commonly held standards of what is

23、 acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider wh

24、en doing studies of cultural differences(culture value)? (1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves peoples relationship sto the larger social groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, w

25、e consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,) Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or social power.) Malaysia versus New

26、Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth versus caring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand (5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus a short-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the

27、differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one? Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode,

28、 and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture? Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultura

29、l literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions. For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you” is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the ph

30、ase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who l

31、ive an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to c

32、ommunicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For examp