新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译.docx

1、新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being the only football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed

2、 give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty, well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too

3、 much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。

4、如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her well-spoken.“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expres

5、sway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about? she asked.在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵

6、古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。Logic.“逻辑学。”Cool, she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。 The doctrine of logic,” I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First lets look at the

7、 fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做绝对判断的逻辑谬误。”Great,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.“绝对判断是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动。She no

8、dded in agreement.她点头表示赞同。I could see she was stumped. Polly, I explained, its too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运动就变得有

9、害而不是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You cant speak French. Rob cant speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.“接下来是草率结论。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。”Really? said Polly, amazed. Nobody?“是吗？”

10、波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”This is also a fallacy, I said. The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion.“这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。”She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversa

11、tion.她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子。Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫文不对题。”She nodded with delight.她高兴地点了点头。Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks h

12、im what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.“听好了，”我说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”Oh, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.“哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽着轻声说到。Yes, its awful, I agreed, but its no argument. The man never answered the bosss question. Instead he app

13、ealed to the bosss sympathy - Ad Misericordiam.“对，是挺可怕的，”我表示赞同地说，“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情，这就是文不对题。”She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks

14、during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.“接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论错误类比。举个例子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手术时可以看 X 光片。”I like that idea, she said.“我喜欢这个主意，”她说。Polly, I groaned, dont derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors arent taking a test to see how much they have le

15、arned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You cant make an analogy between them.“波莉，”我抱怨道，“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少，而学生却是。他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。”I still think its a good idea, said Polly.“我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician o

16、ut of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，她总算能够分析思考了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we wont discuss fallacies.“波莉，”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时

17、候我对她说，“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”Oh? she said, a little disappointed.“哦？”她回答说，有一点失望。Favoring her with a grin, I said, We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.我赞许地对她笑了笑，说：“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。”Hasty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as

18、a normal person might say, thats a little premature, dont you think?“草率结论，”波莉伶俐地说，“或者是按一般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为吗？”I laughed with amusement. Shed learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you do

19、nt have to eat a whole cake to know its good.我被逗得笑了起来，她功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的预期。“亲爱的，”我开口说，同时宽容地拍了拍她的手，“五次约会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”False Analogy, said Polly promptly.Your premise is that dating is like eating. But youre not a cake. Youre a boy.“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”I laughed wit

20、h somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that shed learned her lessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。Polly, I love you. Please say youll go out with me. Im no

21、thing without you.“波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”Ad Misericordiam, she said.“文不对题，”她说。You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting to crumble.But dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do

22、 with real life.“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”Dicto Simpliciter, she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach.“绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me

23、?我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”No to your proposition, she replied.“我不愿意，”她答道。Why? I demanded.“为什么？”我追问道.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣罗伯和我重归于好了。”With great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious

24、 student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否

25、能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”Wow, what presumption! Ill put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand,”retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm.”Full disclosure -I like Rob in leather.I told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket!” “喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充

26、满了讽刺，“事情的真相是我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”Unit 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的对美的追求If youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive respons

27、e, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答，然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都不会找到正确答案。The problem is that men do not think of

28、their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是，男性

29、和女性对外表的看法截然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesnt bother the

30、m; average is fine. They dont affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has m

31、anaged to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isnt bleeding too badly, he feels hes done all he can.我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学的角度去审视自己。他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于一位男性来说，如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃

32、须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfecti