语言学概论总结.docx

1、语言学概论总结语言学概论 总结Chapter 1 - IntroductionPart One Definition of language Design features of language Functions of language Part Two Definition of linguistics The scope of linguistics Important distinctions in linguistics Exercises:1Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language

2、? (2005)A. arbitrariness任意性 B. productivity C. cultural transmission D. finiteness有限性2The distinction between parole言语and langue 语言was made by _. (2006)A. Halliday C. Saussure索绪尔瑞士语言学家B. Chomsky 乔姆斯基美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人D. Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德美国语言学家教育家 考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。3Language is a tool of communica

3、tion. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _. (2010)A. an expressive function表达功能B. an informative function信息功能C. a performative function行事/施为功能D. a persuasive function劝说功能考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、应酬功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。4The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it? is _.A. inf

4、ormative B. phatic应酬功能C. directive指示功能 D. performative What is language? P7-8Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。1）Language is a system.Systematic- rule-governed受规则制约的, elements in it are arranged according to ce

5、rtain rules； cant be combined at will. E.g. *bkli， *I apple eat.2Language is arbitrary.Arbitrary- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes表示. . “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.3Language is symbolic符号的in nature.Symbolic- words are associated with obj

6、ects, actions, ideas by convention惯例. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-by Shakespeare 4Language is primarily vocal.Vocal- the primary medium基本媒介is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. 5Language is human-specific. 语言是人类特有的Human-specific- different f

7、rom the communication systems other forms of life possess. E.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries. The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett):P8-101）Arbitrariness 任意性2）Productivity/Creativity 创造性3）Duality 二重性4）Displacement移位性5）Cultural transmission文化传递性1）Arbitrariness-No logi

8、cal (motivated有积极性的or intrinsic固有的) connection between sounds and meanings.Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopyApes ep gibber db.猴子唧唧叫Roosters crow. 公鸡喔喔叫Hens cluck. 母鸡咯咯嗒Chicks peep. 小鸡唧唧唧Ducks quack kwk.鸭子嘎嘎嘎Cats mew. 小猫喵喵叫Pigs gr

9、unt. 小猪呼噜噜Mice squeak skwik. 老鼠吱吱叫Dogs bark. 小狗汪汪叫Animals make much the same sounds around the world, but each language expresses them differently. English and Chinese cows sound the same, but not in English and Chinese! The arbitrary link between a linguistic sign语言符号and its meaning, however, is al

10、so conventional符合习俗的. 2) Productivity / Creativity -Peculiar to是特有的human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.Language is resourceful资源丰富的because of its duality二元性and its recursiveness rik:sivnis递归性. We can use it to create new meanings. Words

11、 can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly立即地understood by people who have never come across讲得清楚明白that usage before.The recursive nature递归性of language provides a potential to create an infinite number of sentences. For instance: He bought a book which was written by a teacher

12、who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who . This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt麦芽that lay in the house that Jack built. 3) Duality (double articulation) Lower level-sounds (meaningless)Higher level-meaning (larger units of meaning)二层性是指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构

13、成，每层都有自身的组合规则。Lyons, 1981) E.g. b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level, secondary) Book (meaningful unit: higher level, primary) Questions:Can you think of some other systems with the property of duality? Why is this property generally assumed as central to language? Does animal language have th

14、is property? Hierarchy等级制度of language:The secondary level sounds(meaningless) syllables The primary level morphemes(meaningful) wordsphrasessentences ( etc.)4) Displacement-Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present (in time and space): real or imagined matters in the past, prese

15、nt or future, or in far-away遥远的places. E.g. A gibbon长臂猿never utters发出 a call about something he ate last year.Animal communication is normally under “immediate stimulus control” 直接刺激控制. For instance, a warning cry of a bird instantly announces danger. Human language is stimulus-free. What we are tal

16、king about need not be triggered by any external stimulus刺激 in the world or any internal state. 5) Cultural transmission-Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have system

17、s which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.The story of a wolf child狼孩, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language. Functions of language:P10-121) referential ,refren()l (to convey message and information) (所指功能，

18、即传达信息2) poeticpetk (to indulge in language for its own sake)诗学功能，即享受语言自身的乐趣3) emotive (to express attitudes, feelings and emotions)情感功能，即表达态度，感觉和情感4) conativekuntiv (to persuade and influence others through commands and requests)意动功能，即通过指令和恳求说服和影响他人5) phaticftk (to establish communion with others) 应

19、酬功能，即与他人建立交际6) metalingual,metliwl (to clear up intentions and meanings). 元语言功能，弄清意图、词语和意义 注：1emotive (expressive) function: releases feelings. Swear words骂人话, obscenities猥亵, exclamation惊叹词, involuntary verbal言语的 reactions.2) phatic function: Good morning. How are you?Halliday哈利迪Halliday proposes a

20、theory of metafunctions元功能思想 of language.For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant敬上) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations. 1.1 What is Linguistics语言学?P1The scientific study of h

21、uman languageAims of linguistic theory:What is knowledge of language? (Competence)How is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition)How is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing性能/语言处理) Main branches of linguisticsP2-3Phonetics发音/语音学Phonology音系/音韵学Morphology形态学 Syntax句法

22、Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学The scope of linguistics Important distinctions in linguisticsP3-6 Descriptive vs. prescriptive Synchronic vs. diachronicSpeech vs. writing Langue & paroleCompetence and performance1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive Dont say X. People dont say X.The first is a prescriptive comm

23、and, while the second is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in在于prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Descritptive: the linguists tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a large community actually conform遵照and does not seek to impose upon

24、them other rules or norms of correctness. Prescriptive： the grammarians文法家 tries to lay down制定rules for the correct use of language and set the disputes over就进行辩论usage once and for all彻底地. ( right / wrong) Humorous grammar rules：Never end a sentence with a preposition.And dont start a sentence with

25、a conjunction. It is wrong to ever split别离an infinitive不定式.No sentence fragments.2Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a

26、 language through the course of its history. Synchronic study共时性研究- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study历时性研究- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 3 Speech vs. writingSpeech - primary mediu

27、m of languageWriting - later developed4Langue语言 vs. parole言语 (F. de Saussure)Langue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.Parole - the realization of langue in actual use.Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of s

28、ocial conventions.5) Competence and performance (Chomsky)Competence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a prop

29、erty of the mind of each individual.6) Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditional grammar - prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework Modern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework Exercises for Chapter 11. Modern linguistics differs from traditional gra

30、mmar for it is mostly _.A. prescriptive B. descriptive C. subjective D. Latin-based2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _.A. abnormal B. something to be feared C.natural D. unnatural3. Of the “words” listed below, _is not an English word. A. spin B. lkbi C.strikt D. desk4. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as _ linguistics.A. comparative比较的 B. applied C. synchronic D. diachronic5. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. bang B. photoC. typewriterD. rumble6. Modern linguistics give priority to speech becaus