读写综合概要写作之说明文高考英语题型大冲关上海专用.docx

1、读写综合概要写作之说明文高考英语题型大冲关上海专用 （一）概要写作的考查能力 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的

2、沟通桥梁。1. 快速阅读,准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力。2. 熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力。主要体现在写作的语法结构和词汇的准确性。3. 对固定短语和固定搭配的识记与再现能力。主要体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子。4. 单词拼写能力。（二）概要写作的评分参考 阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：1. 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2. 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 3. 上下文的连贯性； 4. 各要点表达的独立性情况。 注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；

3、所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。（三）概要写作的备考建议 概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点： 1. 积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。解构句子结构的能力,并重点培养对语篇的速读与关键信息的捕捉能力及对语篇的再造能力。 2. 进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习

4、有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。（四）说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon(主题)，which(补充解释)利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvan

5、tages/benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side, but it may also研究显示类：The study reveals that; The purpose of the report is to show that （五）说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is ma

6、de, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)（六）说明文概要写作样文展示Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wish you were more creative? Just pretend! One gr

7、eat irony about our collective obsession with creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways. That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: Either were “creative” or we arent, without much of a middle ground. Dr. Pillay, a tech entrepreneur and an assistant professor

8、 at Harvard University, has spent a good chunk of his career subverting (使放弃) these ideas. He believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to defy the clichd advice that urges you to “believe in yourself.” In fact, you should do the opposite: Believe you are someone else. Dr. Pillay

9、 points to a 2016 study demonstrating the impact of stereotypes (固定思维) on ones behavior. The authors, educational psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar, divided their college-student subjects into three groups, instructing the members of one to think of themselves as “eccentric (古怪的) poets” and

10、 the members of another to imagine they were “rigid librarians” (the third group was the control). The researchers then presented all the participants with ten ordinary objects, including a fork, a carrot, and a pair of pants, and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for eac

11、h one. Those who were asked to imagine themselves as eccentric poets came up with the widest range of ideas, whereas those in the rigid-librarian group had the fewest. Meanwhile, the researchers found only small differences in students creativity levels across academic majors. In fact, the physics m

12、ajors inhabiting the personas of eccentric poets came up with more ideas than the art majors did. These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual trait but a “malleable (易适应的) product of context and perspective.” Everyone can be creative, as long as he or she feel

13、s like a creative person. Dr. Pillays work takes this a step further: He argues that simply identifying yourself as creative is less powerful than taking the bold, creative step of imagining you are somebody else. This exercise, which he calls psychological Halloweenism, refers to the conscious acti

14、on of inhabiting another persona. An actor may employ this technique to get into character, but anyone can use it. Unfortunately, those ideas often get drowned out because most of us spend way too much time worrying, and about two things in particular: how successful/unsuccessful we are and how litt

15、le were focusing on the task at hand. These twin worries feed on each otheran unfocused person is an unsuccessful one, we believeand so we dont allow our minds to wander into its quietly fertile fields. 【解析指导】1. Main idea 这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士引用前人的实验结果，提出了训练创造力的方法假装自己是另一个人。该实验证明，创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情

16、境和角度下可调节的产物。Pillay博士进而指出，创造力可以通过练习获得。文章详细介绍了该实验的过程、发现和结论。文章最后指出人们之所以不能产生有创意的点子，是因为人们过于在乎成功，过于专注眼前事，而让我们的大脑不能放松。2. Text structure 全文可以划分为三个部分： 第一部分：普通民众对是否具备创造力的观念。 -第二部分：哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士在前人实验结果的基础上提出了训练创造力的方法。第三部分：人们为什么不能产生有创意的点子。3. Mind map4. Writing procedureStep 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文主要是讲述创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在

17、不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。创造力可以通过练习获得，并指出训练创造力的方法。Step 2：划分要点。 本文分3个要点，提出主题给出方法解释原因。Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step 4：概括。5. Summary writingMany people regard themselves either creative or not creative. Yet, experts proved creativity is not a personal quality and could be gained in specified situations. An

18、other expert believes people could get creative by pretending to be someone else. But most people fail to do so because they care so much about success, forcing themselves to focus all the time. (59 words)SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea

19、 of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.In fact，great white sharks are not white. The name is thought to have come about because these sharks are white in one circumstance when they are lying dead on the deck of a boat.It would be more proper to call this spe

20、cies the “black shark”They have a dark upper surface，which means their prey(猎物) are difficult to spot them approaching from the dark depths.Speaking of prey，they have been recorded dining out on a wide range of species，including whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles and occasionally penguins.“If you make a list

21、of everything thats been found in a white sharks stomach，youd get a variety of things，” says marine biologist George Burgess of the University of Florida in Gainesville.But whats clear is that their tastes change as they age.“They are almost just fisheaters until they are 7，8，9 feet long，” says Burg

22、ess.“As they get bigger，they will begin to start eating mammal prey if they get the opportunity.”These older sharks prefer seals，sea lions and walruses.When they strike from below，at speed，white sharks can clear the surface by as much as 3 m.To locate their prey，white sharks use almost every trick i

23、n the book.“They have a series of senses，” says Burgess.In a 1963 study，researchers hung a speaker over the edge of their boat off Miami to see if they could attract sharks with sound.No great white sharks were spotted in this study，but its reasonable to assume they have good hearing too.As a great

24、white shark gets closer to its prey，its sense of smell begins to kick in.A study of the brains of different species of sharks shows that the great whites olfactory bulb (嗅球) is especially large.Their vision is not bad，either.“They see particularly well，” says Burgess.They also have two less familiar

25、 senses.Their lateral lines，which run along their sides，can detect changes in water pressure that reveal their preys movements.【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.to us，especially its.，from which we know.(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The p

26、assage tells us.，including.(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因结果”：(The author/writer said/talks about).of.，because/but.。本文可以采用第一种模板。【参考范文】The passage introduces something about white sharks，such as the origin of the name and how they get their prey.(要点1)When they are lying dead on the deck of a boat，they are whi

27、te，but they have a dark upper surface.(要点2)What they eat are various，including a wide range of species.When they are small they eat fish.As they become bigger，they eat mammal prey.(要点3)Their senses such as hearing，smell and vision are good.(要点4)SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summariz

28、e in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps them lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet，also called the Hollywood Diet，dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans includin

29、g singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The resear

30、ch also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under controla key part of managing diabetes.The experiments were conducted on micebut researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli，of the University of California，

31、Berkeley，said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results，based on controlled experiments，warrant further study of the potential healthpromoting properties of grapefruit juice.”The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months，those given grapefruit juic

32、e to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin levelsdespite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact，grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin，the journal PLOS ONE reports.However，the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty fo