最新语言学复习提纲.docx

1、最新语言学复习提纲Understanding linguistic terms1. Blending; Acronym， back-formation2. sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect, ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, intercultural co

2、mmunication4. language acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomskys LAD; Telegraphic speech5. learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude; motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis; SLA(second language acquisition)6. Neurolin

3、guistics; cerebral Cortex; Brocas Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguisticsQuestion Answering1. What are the major causes of language change? 2. Give examples to show vocabulary change.3. Give at least three examples to show the influence of Am

4、erican English on British English.4. What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?5. Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in child language development.6. What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning?7. What are t

5、he individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition?8. Describe Levelts speech production model in your own words.9. What are the major psycholinguistics methods?10. Describe the major symptoms of Brocas aphasia.11. what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning? Part I.

6、Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.1. According to Chomsky, when we determine a words category, three criteria are usually employed, namely _, inflection and _.2. The description of a language at some point of time

7、in history is a _ study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study. In modern linguistics, the former approach seems to enjoy priority over the latter.3. According to Paul Grices Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims in natural conversation, including the maxim of

8、_, the maxim of quality, the maxim of _ and the maxim of manner.4. The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category of the head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while _ typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometime

9、s _ .5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _ used for human _ .6. N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed the distinction between _ and _, the former is defined as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as the actual realization of his knowledge in li

10、nguistic communication7. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, such as arbitrariness, productivity, _, displacement and cultural _.8. Sentence can be defined as a sequence of words arrang

11、ed in a certain _ in accordance with a certain _ rules.9. Phonetics is defined as the study of the_ medium of language; it is concerned with all the _ that occur in the worlds languages.10. In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the coll

12、ection of all the _ of the linguistic form; it is _ and de-contextualized. Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about” has two elements, of which the V “talk”

13、 belongs to major lexical category and the P “about” belongs to minor lexical category. ( )2. According to lexical sense relations, the words give and take are complementary antonyms. ( )3. Semantically, the sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” is a contradiction. ( )4. Concernin

14、g the sense relation, the word “table” is the hyponym of the word “furniture”. ( )5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!” belongs to directive. （ ）6. According to the morphology, the word “disagreement” contains three morphemes: dis + agree + ment, among which the m

15、orpheme “agree” belongs to free morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )7. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress, such as greenhouse, hotdog.( )8. According to the se

16、nse relations between sentences, the sentence “He has been to Hungary” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been to Europe.” ( )9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )10. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants p and b belong to bilabial while

17、 f and v are labiodental. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks)Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.1. Pragmatics 2. Phoneme3. Polysemy 4. Syntactic category Part VI. Question Answering Directions: Please answer the following ques

18、tions briefly.1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)3. Smith said to his classmate: “John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole wee

19、k now.” According to Austins speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1. symbols communication 2. competence performance 3. dualit

20、y transmission4. speech sounds 5. meaning distribution6. synchronic diachronic7. quantity relation8. order gramatical9. qualifiers Ps10. features abstractPart II True or False1. F 2. F 3. T. 4. T 5. T. 6. T. 7. T 8. F 9. F 10 TPart III Understanding of linguistic terms1. Pragmatics: a general defini

21、tion is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Including deixis, speech

22、 acts, indirect language, conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication, and presupposition.2. Phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.3. Polys

23、emy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such word is called a polysemic word. 4. Syntactic category: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functio

24、ns in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic category.Part VI Question answering:1. The XP rule is usually described as:X

25、P (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P. The arrow means “ consists of” or “branches into”.The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * in

26、dicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head. 2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points

27、)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context,

28、 including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.3. Smith said to his classmate: “John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.” According to Austins speech act the

29、ory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points) (omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.11. Li

30、nguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of _. It is scientific because it is based on the systematic _ of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.12. The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue and parole, the

31、former refers to the _ linguistic system sheared by all the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual _.13. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, of which displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to _ removed from the immediate situations of the _.14. An initial classification in