文内注.docx

1、文内注注 释1.解释性注：脚注或尾注脚注（footnotes）的使用 在MLA的规范里，脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用：（1）提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息；（2）提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标，每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中，前一个属第一种情况，后一种属第二种情况： The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati sho

2、ws them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.Notes1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica dAristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, P

3、oetica dAristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. 2.2.11, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:616-17.2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-

4、82; Craner 308-11.（第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。） 在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样，都必须在正文后面的参考文献著录中详细注明。 脚注可使用单倍行距，但相邻脚注之间应空1.5行。脚注的字体必须与正文一样。2. 引语注：文内注引用他人的观点、数据、例子等均需用文内注方式表明出处。不超过两行的引语一般用文内注，长篇引用已出版和未出版的文献，别人的谈话（包括学生的谈话）都应按引语段排列。引语段上下与正文各空单倍行距一行，左右各缩进5个字符。 正文和引语的段落均可用Microsoft Word选项

5、单中的“格式样式和格式”的指令设置。 3. 文内注格式标点符号文献引用（Citation）注明出处反映了论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学的态度。引用的规范按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA（the Modern Language Association）和APA（the American Psychological Association）两类，区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求，格式上做到前后一致。 引文出处应使用括号夹注（文内注）的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。在正文中，括号夹注是引文出现的小句的一部分，因而必须放在句末的标点以内，不得放在句外

6、，但也不得放在引文的引号以内。引语段（block quotation）的括号夹注不属于单句，因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。正确：Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain 33). 错误：Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain 33) Her idea i

7、s further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”括号标注在引语段中的使用方法constantly as a source of consolation, Wordsworth projected his hunger for a peace of mind into the river imageThou wanderer through the woods,How often has my spirit turned to thee! (15

8、6)In the Romantic poets mind, the Wye, an indicator of the nurturing nature as opposed to the bustling worldly life, also embodies his nostalgia for the remote past as “These water括号夹注不属于引语段中任何单句 任何直接引语都必须标明页码，以便读者查找。 引文必须准确，必须用方括号（square brackets“ ”）和省略号（ellipses“”）标明更动原文的地方，（详见第3.1.12节）。 短于三行的一句或者

9、短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。单引号只允许用来标注引语中的引语，否则不得使用（见图2.8）。无论引自书本还是引自访谈对象，引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。正确使用双引号和单引号正确：Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129).错误：Researchers claim that the question of indefiniteness does not arise

10、for non-referential noun phrase (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129). 在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词），句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外，而如果引文是一疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外（见图2.9）。 三行或三行以上，或者虽然短于三行、但含一句以上的引语应该另起一行，作为独立的引语段（block quotation）。引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。图2.9：双引号与其它标点的位置正确：A silver

11、 dome concealed the robots “brain.”正确：Hakuta (1976) found two types of error in the subjects article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error of commission.” 正确：Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems”?错误：A silver dome concealed the robots “brain”.错误：Hakuta (1976) found two

12、types of error in the subjects article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error of commission”.错误：Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems?” 引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。 引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。 引语段的字体必须与正文相同，使用Times New Roman/宋体 12 pt，不得有所更改。 正

13、文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。如：Confucius was quoted in The Analects as saying, “学而时习之，不亦乐乎” (“Learning with frequent reviewing, what a pleasure this is”)! 大段中文引文应用两节引语段，即中文原文和英文译文。（2） 文献引证格式 参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自

14、然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。 正文中的引证 学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：MLA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).AP

15、A：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：MLA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in th

16、eir sources of inspiration for writing.而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：APA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：APA：In a 1990 article, Taylor

17、 claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：MLA： (Zhu 12) APA： (Zhang, 2005) 引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：MLA：Ancie

18、nt writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).APA：Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relations

19、hips, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical

20、and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203)，而 APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：MLA：Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed t

21、he invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).APA：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11). 引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA（二至三位作者）：Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike

22、 metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）MLA（三位以上的作者）：The study was extended for two years, and only after results were revie

23、wed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).APA（两位作者）：Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA（三至五

24、位作者）第一次引用：According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用：To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).APA（五位以上的作者）：Patterns of byzantine intri

25、gue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如： MLA：Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages

26、for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).APA：Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的

27、首字母加以区分，如： MLA： (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)APA： (W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213) 引用团体作者（corporate author） 引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如： MLA：It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).APA：Retired offi

28、cers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54). 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如： MLA：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100

29、).APA：(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001) 在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。 无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：MLA：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the

30、 need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.APA：Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better comm

31、and of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).引用同一作者的多篇文献 按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (

32、“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small