高考语法专题辅导代词和数词.docx

1、高考语法专题辅导代词和数词2019-2020年高考语法专题辅导-代词和数词【考点分析】代词1.人称代词主格与宾格的用法；2.名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法；3.反身代词的用法；4.指示代词this, that, these, those的用法；5.表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较；6.some,any的用法辨析；7.each, every的用法辨析；8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析；9.替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析；10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析；11.eve

2、ry-,some-,any-,no-与thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。数词1.基数词的确指和不确指；2.数词与主谓一致关系；3.dozen和score的用法；4.序数词与冠词的连用。【知识点归纳】代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1）机械地套用语法规则；2）用汉语思维去分析题意。从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。I.代词的分类单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouh

3、e she itweyouthey宾格meyouhim her itusYouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself herself itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this that suchthese those such相互代词宾格each other one another所有格each others one anothers不定代词可数one each, many, (

4、a) few ,both, another, either., neither不可数much, (a) little可数不可数any other all some复合不定代词anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing疑问代词who whom whose which what连接代词who whom whose which what（参见专题八）关系代词who whom whose which that（参见专题八）II.代词的用法1.人称代词在句中

5、作主语,用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格；She teaches them physics.在句中作表语,常用宾格；Who is it? Its me.但有时要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故I用主格。两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时,其顺序是：单数按2,3,1人称排列，复数按1,2,3人称顺序排列。you, she and I ; we, you and they2.物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作宾语We love our motherland.名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语Your coat is blac

6、k while mine is red.3.反身代词用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语He teaches himself Japanese every evening.（宾语）She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。（表语）I myself can repair the bike.（主语的同位语）常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳by oneself= alone 独自 for oneself独立、为自己be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 给自己穿d

7、evote oneself to专心于、献身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气e to oneself苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气4.指示代词this和that是近指, that和those 是远指I dont want this book. I want that one.有时为了避免重复,常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词

8、,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this；但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health) They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.What I want you to remember is this :English i

9、s of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换)The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.such的用法such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。Such is my answer.Such are the results of the exams.I have never seen such beautiful flowers.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。5.相互代词在句中可作宾语They help

10、each other and learn from each other.加s后成为所有格,作定语They asked about one anothers life and work.6.不定代词不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。不定代词区 别例 句one, some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones。Weve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us

11、some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Your coffee smells great! Its from MexicoWould you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Pl

12、ease correct the mistakes, if any.Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别：it =the /this/ my+单数名词one =a/an+单数名词it代替特定的单数名词one代替不特定的单数名词one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指,one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。There i

13、s still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itThis film is an interesting one.Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best.some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the co

14、rner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,anyC.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any B. many C. some D. mucheach和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而eve

15、ry强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.all和bothboth指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语 Which of the two books will you take? Ill

16、take _and I think _of them is very important to me.A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; bothWhich of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? _.They are both cheap and of great importance.A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All注意：both, all, each, every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句

17、中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：All of them dont like music=Not all of them like music.他们并不都喜欢音乐。要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。Neither of them doesnt like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。None of them dont like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。none和nono等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可。There is no wat

18、er in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.A

19、.another B. the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”。We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this month A.the other Bsome Canother DotherThe trousers are too long, please g

20、ive me another pair/some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either和neither前者意思为：两者中任何一方都；后者意思为：两者都不。Do you want tea or coffee?_,I really dont mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A.

21、 none B. neither C. both D. eachfew和little;a few和a littlefew 和little 表示没有多少,含否定意义,而a few 和a little表示一些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外, few与a few修饰可数名词, little与 alittle 修饰不可数名词。此外quite a few , quitea little意思是“不少,相当多的”。The old man knows a little English.Few of them can speak Russian.7.it的用法用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。This bike i

22、s not mine. Its Peters.用以代替提示代词this, thatWhat is this? Its a pen.Whose book is that? Its Mikes. 起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物Who is knocking at the door? Its me.Who is making such a noise. It must be the children.指环境情况等。It was very quiet at the moment.指时间，季节，天气，气候等What time is it? It is eight oclock.It often rai

23、ns in summer.指距离It is five kilometers from the office to my home.It is a long way to the factory.作形式主语和形式宾语当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语It is not easy to finish the work in two days.It is not a good habit to stay up late.It is no use crying over split milk.It is a pity that you didnt re

24、ad the book.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前I think it no use arguing with him.I found it very interesting to study English.He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.注意：see to it that（务必）和take it for granted that（想当然）句型中的it，以及词组make it中的it（做事成功，搞定）。用于强调结构（

25、详见专题九）要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语,状语,宾语), 可以把it 当作先行词.这种句子的结构是 “It is(was)+被强调部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果强调的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that I met an old friend in the park yesterday.此句各部分被强调后句型如下：It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.I

26、t was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park.（二）数词数词分两类：基数词和序数词I.基数词:表示数目的词为基数词。其表达式：1.21-99的两位数，在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成。如：fifty- three (53)2.101-999的三位数由hundred加and再加两位数或末位数。three hundred and twenty-five (325)3.基数词hundred，thousand，million，billi

27、on表示确切数目时不能加sfive thousand students (五千个学生)但在表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，如：hundreds ofthousands of students(许多学生)4.dozen和score的复数形式应注意以下几点：dozen表示：一打，十二个，score表示：二十；当dozen与数词，或many，several等连用时，不加“s”，所修饰的名词前常省去“of；score则不然。two dozen pencils两打铅笔two score of pencils四十支铅笔dozens of people=scores of people许多人当后面的名词前有

28、these，“those，“them， us等词时, dozen后应加of 。a dozen of these peopletwo dozen of them three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)II.序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词。其表达式：1.序数词一般由基数词后+th构成，前面一般加定冠词the，表示“第几”the two hundredth，the eighteenth加不定冠词，则意为“又一,再一”.I like the film very much, so I want to see it a second time.2.以ty结尾的基数词构成序

29、数词时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth，the fiftieth3.不规则的序数词有以下几个：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth4.“二十”以上的多位数，个位数用序数词，其余仍用基数词。ninety-third one hundred and forty-ninth5.基数词与序数词连用时，通常是序数词在前the first two pages of the book(这本书的前两页)III.分数、小数和百分数的表达1.分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式1

30、/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三特殊的表达1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarterone(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters分子与分母之间加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五2.百分数的表示法表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。注意：分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数of +冠词/限定词+名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.