英语语法图.docx

1、英语语法图第一节 专升本英语语法表格示意图一冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit

2、you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, in a wordII. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物（这种泛指不需掌握）The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?

3、4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s，对比in th

4、e 1960s和in his 60s10用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. (按小时计费)11用于方位名词，身体部位名词，表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.（the不能换成my）III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse

5、is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 但the Spring Festival4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词

6、前Horses are useful animals.IV 有无冠词的词汇或词组的对比不可数名词的具体化用作可数名词cloth（布料不可数）与a table cloth（桌布）；beer (啤酒)与a beer（一杯啤酒）；glass（玻璃）与a looking glass（镜子）相似词组的对比in charge of / in the charge of; in case of / in the case of;in front of / in the front of; out of question / out of the question 二、数词I序数词one two three与

7、基数词 first second third .II分数 one third 三分之一/ two thirds三分之二III数词的重要表达1Tens of millions of 复数名词；thousands of 复数名词；dozens of / scores of 表示许多2Three dozen eggs 三打鸡蛋；three score students六十位学生（三个20）；3A ten-year-old boy；a 300-word composition；a two-minute drive；two minutes dive4In the sixties 在六十年代/ in hi

8、s sixties 在他六十多岁时5A great number of 复数名词/ the number of 复数名词/ a large amount of 不可数名词三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himsel

9、f, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, al

10、l/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：不定代词用法 示例oneone可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。One should learn to think of others.someany1. some多用于肯定句2. 也可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。3. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。4. some和数词连用表示“大约”I have some questions to ask. Would you like some bananas? Could you give me

11、 some money?I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.There are some 3,000 students in this school.1. any多用于疑问句和否定句2. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。3. any可与比较级连用表示程度。Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.Please correct the mistakes, if any

12、.Do you feel any better today?eacheveryeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上each可以单独使用，后面不跟名词Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.We each have a dictionary.every强调整体，所指的数是三个或三个以上。every后接名词，every one可以后接of结构Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak

13、points.none nonone作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.no等于not any，作定语。There is no water in the bottle.other anotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用the other+单数名词，特指两者中的另外一个the other+复数名词=the others（表示在一定范围中的其他）ot

14、her+复数名词=others（没有范围的其他）如：the other day, every other weekHe held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but the others passed the exam.（our class是一个明确的范围）Some like football, while others like basketball.another指“又一个，另一个”无所指The trousers are too long. Please gi

15、ve me another pair.all botheitherneithernoneall+复数名词，表示三个或以上概念all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both+复数名词，表示两个either+单数名词，表示两个中的一个neither表示两个都不none表示三个或以上都不全部否定用neither和none.（表示“都不是”）（both/all 与not搭配表示“不都是”）All of the books are not written in English. All that glitters is not gold.（发光的不都是金子。）Both of us are not t

16、eachers. 我们俩不都是教师。Either of the two answers is acceptable.Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。None of us is / are a teacher.我们都不是教师。 四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2alive, alike, awake, aware, aslee

17、p等可以后置the only person awake3和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long4形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilk

18、stone从抽象到具体如：the beautiful small round new red Chinese wood table3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词1副词的分类：1时间副词soon,

19、 now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather

20、8关系副词when, where, why2几个副词的用法so /how / tooso / how / too + adj. /adv.It is so hot a day. / How hot the weather is! / It is too difficult a question. what/ suchwhat /such +(adj.) nounIt is such a hot day. / It is such hot weather. / What a hot day it is!enough enough + nounadj./adv. enough to doI hav

21、e enough money to buy a house.He is old enough to join the army. however表“但是”，用逗号隔开注意与while的区别Some people agree. However, others disagree. = Some people agree while others disagree.almost not 与 not nearly high可测量的高度highly抽象的高度too肯定句中的“也”either否定句中的“也”III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构

22、成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2可以修饰比较级的词有：much, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more（主谓）the more（主谓）”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

23、4用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours. / Our school is four times the size of yours. 6以or结尾的形容词，本身含有比较的含义，所以不能用-er或more / less构成比较级，其后加to.如 be superior / inferior / junior /seni

24、or / major / minor / prior / posterior to 7特殊结构 not so much A as B（不是A，而是B）；no more than仅仅；as well as / as soon as / as (so) long as / as far aswould rather do rather do（宁愿而不愿意）；rather than而不是/ other than除了；cannot (never) too越越好五介词I. 介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below,

25、 beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介词concerning（关于）, given（鉴于）II. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, a

26、tat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的a

27、bout, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了，包括在内”，except指“除了，不包括在内”，beside在旁边10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置III重要的介词1. 介词的意思across（穿过

28、；在对面）；against（反对、在.衬托下、靠着）；beyond（超出）；等2. 介词的搭配result in 导致/ result from由导致；be famous for / as / to；be familiar to / with；be different from / in；be similar to / in；in the morning / on Tuesday morning；what for；prevent/ stop / keep sb from doing；protect sb from doing；等等On seeing the picture, he burst

29、into tears. / At the sight of the picture, he burst into tears.He will be back in five days. / After five days, he received a reward from the government. it is important / necessary / easy / difficult / convenient for sb to do ；it is kind / considerate / thoughtful（表示人性格的词汇）of sb to do （= sb is kind / considerate / thoughtful to do sth.）六名词（数、格、主谓一致）I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-s