大学英语语法精讲重点考点全涵盖.docx

1、大学英语语法精讲重点考点全涵盖语法部分第一讲 虚拟语气I. 考点分析：虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。动词形式类型虚拟时间从句动词主句动词if条件句现在过去式would/should/might/could+动

2、词原形过去had+过去分词would/should/might/could+have +过去分词将来should/were to/过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形wish引导的宾从现在过去式过去had+过去分词/could have done将来would/could/might+动词原形as if/though方式状语从句同wish 其它动词引导的宾从(should)+动词原形主语从句(should)+动词原形表语从句(should)+动词原形同位语从句(should)+动词原形if only 同if条件句lest, for fear that, in cas

3、e should+动词原形would rather/sooner that现在/将来过去式过去had+过去分词It is high/about time that 过去式2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would

4、 send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to t

5、he film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before,

6、but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry

7、.没有电就不会有现代工业。 But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, wed never have

8、been able to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, ord

9、er, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）10常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, propos

10、als, request, requirement等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句) 邀请他的建议被否决了。Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加20%。11用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。I

11、t was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须

12、履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。第二讲 非谓语动词I考点分析非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)He seem

13、ed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：The film is exciting. (表语)The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)Having finished the homew

14、ork, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：Children are excited at the film. (表语)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (逻辑定语)Excited at the news, childre

15、n went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定语后置)3. 不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。It is of importance to have good friends. (逻辑主语)To see is to believe. (主语)I expect him to come back soon. (宾语补语)I do

16、nt know how to get there. (宾语)We need someone to help us. (定语)To get there earlier, we started at 6 oclock. (状语)The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表语)4. 动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。I dont liking talking with her. (宾语)Smoking is dangerous for health. (主语)Her hobby is collecting coins. (表语)二、 四级考试中的非谓语动词考点1

17、. 非谓语动词的时态和语态The two buildings being repaired now are the students dormitories. (正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)The two buildings repaired during the summer vacation are the students dormitories. (过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)The two buildings to be repaired are the students dormitories. (不定式表示动作未发生，将要发生)2. 非谓语动词的否定形式和物主

18、代词的用法Not knowing what to do next, he asked me for help. (分词作状语的否定形式)I regret not telling her the news earlier. (动名词作宾语的否定形式)I dont mind your being late. (动名词作宾语的物主形式)I persuade him not to stay there too long. (不定式作补语的否定形式)3. 现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如；Originally cultivated in India

19、, the banana brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it in Africa.句中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originally cultivated。The lost child was found hiding in the cave.句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。4. 不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式

20、所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。要求接不定式作宾语的动词有：expect, urge, intend, persuade, prefer, cause, encourage, tell, ask, make, let 要求接动名词作宾语的动词有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cann

21、ot but, need, want，feel like下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stopremember, forget, regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。5. 几种特殊的句型1） It is

22、no good (use)+ doing sth.It is no use arguing with her about the matter.2） There Is no _ doing sth.There is no telling when to start.3） But + (to)do: 介词前动词若是实义动词do， 省略to; 介词前动词若不是实义动词do， 则不能省略to。Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.He said nothing but to cry.He did nothing but cry.4）

23、 分词的固定搭配词组：judging from, generally speaking, considering, takinginto consideration, compared to (with)例句：Judging from the handwriting, I know the letter was written by her boyfriend. 6. 独立主格结构独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：1） 主语分词The problem being solved, he went back home.Time permitting, we will go o

24、uting this weekend.The report having been read a lively discussion began.2） With + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）The old man came In with a book under his arm.They went home with the lights on.三、 非谓语动词考点例题 时态1 As a public relations officer, he is said _some very influential people. （01/6/34）【A】 A) to know B)

25、 to be knowing C) to have been knowing D) to have known2. The ancient Egyptians are supposed _rockets to the moon. （96/6/37）【C】 A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending 语态1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _to the nation. （96/6/24）【D】 A)

26、 has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.（96/6/28）【D】 A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Euro

27、pe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. （00/1/45）【B】A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating 作状语（不定式,分词）1. _a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.（95/1/48）【A】A) To become B) Become C) One become D) On becoming2. This programme wi

28、ll examine the writers books in detail _an introduction to her life. （94/1/70）【A】A) following B) having followed C) being followed D) to be followed3. The house was very quiet_ as it was on the side of a mountain. （99/6/48）【A】 A) isolated B) being isolated C) isolating D) having been isolated 作宾补（分词

29、）1. In Australia the Asians make their influence _in businesses large and small.（94/4/67）【C】A) feeling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt2. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. （96/1/42）【C】A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change3. Could you find someone _.（94/1/63）【A】A) for me to p

30、lay tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with 作后置定语(分词)1. Homework _ on time will lead to better grades. （95/1/44）【A】A) done B) be done C) having done D) to have been done2. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported school must be establishe

31、d In every town _50 household or more. （98/1/36）【A】A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had 作宾语(动名词)1. Ann never dreams of _for her to be sent abroad very soon. （98/6/43）【A】A) there being a chance B) there to be a chance C) there be a chance D) being a chance2. He gives people the impression _all his life broad. （98/6/46）【A】A) of having spent B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spend 特殊动词后接不定式或动名词作宾语1. I would appreciate _ it a